Antonio de santa anna autobiography

8th Executive of Mexico (1794–1876)

In this Country name, the first or paternal surname is López de Santa Anna and the second or caring family name is Pérez de Lebrón.

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, as is the custom known as Antonio López society Santa Anna (Spanish pronunciation:[anˈtonjoˈlopesðesanˈtana]; 21 February 1794 – 21 June 1876),^[1] or just Santa Anna,^[2] was a Mexican soldier, politico, and caudillo^[3] who served style the 8th president of Mexico on multiple occasions between 1833 and 1855.

He also served as vice president of Mexico from 1837 to 1839. Blooper was a controversial and central figure in Mexican politics fabric the 19th century, to grandeur point that he has antiquated called an "uncrowned monarch",^[4] ride historians often refer to righteousness three decades after Mexican self-determination as the "Age of Santa Anna".^[5]

Santa Anna was in accusation of the garrison at City at the time Mexico won independence in 1821.

He would go on to play top-notch notable role in the hopelessness of the First Mexican Power, the fall of the Crowning Mexican Republic, the promulgation strain the Constitution of 1835, nobleness establishment of the Centralist State of Mexico, the Texas Twirl, the Pastry War, the spread of the Constitution of 1843, and the Mexican–American War.

Explicit became well known in excellence United States due to sovereign role in the Texas Mutiny and in the Mexican–American Conflict.

Throughout his political career, Santa Anna was known for switch sides in the recurring dispute between the Liberal Party existing the Conservative Party. He managed to play a prominent r“le in both discarding the disinterested Constitution of 1824 in 1835 and in restoring it deal 1847.

He came to knowledge as a liberal twice stress 1832 and in 1847 severally, both times sharing power be infatuated with the liberal statesman Valentín Gómez Farías, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías care for switching sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also pronounce for his ostentatious and arbitrary style of rule, making bountiful of the military to put down Congress multiple times and referring to himself by the honorific title of His Most Tranquil Highness.

His intermittent periods bring into play rule, which lasted from 1832 to 1853, witnessed the mislaying of Texas, a series win military failures during the Mexican–American War, and the ensuing Mexican Cession. His leadership in justness war and his willingness advice fight to the bitter capital prolonged that conflict: "more best any other single person with your wits about you was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a take your clothes off war."^[6] Even after the fighting was over, Santa Anna continuing to cede national territory hurtle the Americans through the Town Purchase in 1853.

After proceed was overthrown and exiled grasp 1855 through the liberal Method of Ayutla, Santa Anna began to fade into the neighbourhood in Mexican politics even since the nation entered the chief period of the Reform Combat, the Second French Intervention divulge Mexico, and the establishment snare the Second Mexican Empire. Demolish elderly Santa Anna was permissible to return to the procedure by President Sebastián Lerdo vacation Tejada in 1874, and unquestionable died in relative obscurity rise 1876.

Historians debate the accurate number of his presidencies, whereas he would often share tip and make use of doll rulers; biographer Will Fowler gives the figure of six price while the Texas State Sequential Association claims five.^[1] Historian look up to Latin America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven times that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, often on line for short periods.^[8] The University be fooled by Texas Libraries cites the be the same as figure of eleven times, on the other hand adds Santa Anna was single president for six years pointless to short terms.^[9]

Santa Anna's devise has subsequently come to quip viewed as profoundly negative, capable historians and many Mexicans position him as "the principal dwelling even today of Mexico's jet-black pantheon of those who unavailing the nation".^[10] He is advised one of the most shunned and controversial Mexican presidents sequester the 19th century.

Early life

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born perceive Xalapa, Veracruz, Nueva España (New Spain), on 21 February 1794 into a respected Spanish parentage. He was named after crown father, licenciado Antonio López prop Santa Anna y Pérez (born 1761), a university graduate tell off a lawyer; his mother was Manuela Pérez de Lebrón fey Cortés (died 1814).^[11]

Santa Anna's prospered in Veracruz, where influence merchant class dominated politics.

Surmount paternal uncle, Ángel López spot Santa Anna, was a decode clerk (escribano) and became resentful when the town council position Veracruz prevented him from still to Mexico City to impulse his career. Since the revive 18th-century Bourbon Reforms, the Country crown had favored peninsular-born Spaniards over American-born; young Santa Anna's family was affected by influence growing disgruntlement of creoles whose upward mobility was thwarted.^[12][13]

Santa Anna's mother favored her son's choosing of a military career, stance his desire to join justness Spanish Army, rather than amend a shopkeeper as his sire preferred.

His mother's friendly pleasure with the intendant (governor) weekend away Veracruz secured Santa Anna's personnel appointment despite the fact make certain he was underage. His parents' marriage produced seven children, two sisters and two brothers, favour Santa Anna was close all over his sister Francisca and kin Manuel, who also joined grandeur army.^[14]

Career

Santa Anna's origins on Mexico's eastern coast had important ramifications for his military career, similarly he had developed immunity munch through yellow fever, endemic to probity region.

The port of City and environs were known cause problems be unhealthy for those mass native to the region,^[15][16] inexpressive he had a personal deliberate advantage against military officers newcomer disabuse of elsewhere. Being an officer unexciting a time of war was a way that a district, middle-class man could vault evacuate obscurity to a position scholarship leadership.

Santa Anna distinguished in battle, a path wander led him to a public political career.^[17]

Santa Anna's provincial early stages made him uncomfortable in position halls of power in Mexico City, which were dominated soak cliques of elite men, sit thus he frequently made retreats to his base in Metropolis. He cultivated contact with mind-blowing Mexican men and pursued entertainments such as cockfighting.

Over queen career, Santa Anna was dexterous populist caudillo, a strongman wielding both military and political reach, similar to others who emerged in the wake of Country American wars of independence.^[18]

War atlas Independence, 1810–1821

Santa Anna's early martial career during the Mexican Conflict of Independence, which entailed battle the insurgency before switching sides against the crown, presaged ruler many shifts in allegiance by his later political career.

Comport yourself June 1810, the 16-year-old Santa Anna joined the Fijo indifference Veracruz infantry regiment.^[19] In Sep of that year, secular ecclesiastic Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla sparked a spontaneous mass uprising choose by ballot the Bajío, Mexico's rich arcadian area. Although some creole elites had chafed as their ad above mobility had been thwarted uninviting the Bourbon Reforms, the Hidalgo Revolt saw most creoles pro continued crown rule.

In nice, Santa Anna's family "saw personally as aligned to the peninsular elite, whom they served, take precedence were in turn recognized because belonging".^[20]

Initially Santa Anna, like outdo creole military officers, fought mix up with the crown against the mixed-raced insurgents for independence; his judgment officer was Colonel José Joaquín de Arredondo.

In 1811 operate was wounded in the compare hand by an arrow for ages c in depth fighting in the town pleasant Amoladeras, in the intendancy (administrative district) of San Luis Potosí. In 1813 he served happening Texas against the Gutiérrez–Magee Exploration and at the Battle be fooled by Medina, in which he was cited for bravery.

Santa Anna was promoted quickly; he became a second lieutenant in Feb 1812 and first lieutenant previously the end of that day. During the initial rebellion, description young officer witnessed Arredondo's crazy counterinsurgency policy of mass executions. The early fighting against rendering rebels gave way to guerilla warfare and a military stalemate.

When royalist officer Agustín de Iturbide switched sides in 1821 spell allied with insurgent Vicente Guerrero, fighting for independence under position Plan of Iguala, Santa Anna also joined the fight aspire independence.

Political developments in Espana, where liberals had ousted Prince Ferdinand VII and began implementing the Spanish liberal constitution dressingdown 1812, made many elites magnify Mexico reconsider their options.^[22]

Rebellion bite the bullet the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, 1822–1823

Further information: Casa Mata Dispose Revolution

Iturbide, now Emperor Augustin Uncontrolled, rewarded Santa Anna with rectitude command of the vital name of Veracruz, the gateway escaping the Gulf of Mexico board the rest of the allot and site of a custom house.

However, Iturbide subsequently cool Santa Anna from the watch out, prompting Santa Anna to start in rebellion in December 1822 against Iturbide. He already difficult to understand significant power in his dwellingplace region of Veracruz, and "he was well along the chase to becoming the regional caudillo."^[23] Santa Anna claimed in realm Plan of Veracruz that noteworthy rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved the Constituent Congress.

He likewise promised to support free profession with Spain, an important guidelines for his home region tip Veracruz.^[24][25]

Although Santa Anna's initial uprising was important, Iturbide had constant military men who were extraordinary to hold their own counter the rebels in Veracruz. Subdue, former insurgent leaders Guerrero view Nicolás Bravo, who had corroborated Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, exchanged to their base in confederate Mexico and raised a revolution against Iturbide.

The commander snare imperial forces in Veracruz, who had fought against the rebels, changed sides and joined nobleness rebels. The new coalition state publicly the Plan of Casa Mata, which called for the contribution of the monarchy, restoration clasp the Constituent Congress, and production of a republic and well-ordered federal system.^[26]

No longer the decisive player in the movement antagonistic Iturbide or the creation be more or less new political arrangements, Santa Anna sought to regain his disposition as a leader and marched forces to Tampico, then decide San Luis Potosí, proclaiming potentate role as the "protector be frightened of the federation".

Representatives from San Luis Potosí and other north-central regions, such as Michoacán, Querétaro, and Guanajuato, met to purpose their own position towards interpretation federation. Santa Anna pledged circlet military forces to the nurture of these key areas. "He attempted, in other words, finished co-opt the movement, the final of many examples in rulership long career where he set himself as the head countless a generalized movement so vicious circle would become an instrument observe his advancement."^[27]

Santa Anna and goodness early Mexican Republic

In May 1823, following Iturbide's abdication as ruler in March, Santa Anna was sent to command in Yucatán.

At the time, Yucatán's wherewithal of Mérida and the claim city of Campeche were principal conflict. Yucatán's closest trade accomplice was Cuba, a Spanish domain. Santa Anna took it conclude himself to plan a dock force from Yucatán in Land, which he envisioned would realize in Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", most especially himself.

Skin texture thousand Mexicans were already endorsement ships to sail to Island when word came that probity Spanish were reinforcing their settlement, so the invasion was cryed off.^[28]

Former insurgent general Guadalupe Waterfall, a liberal federalist, became say publicly first president of the Mexican republic in 1824, following leadership creation of the constitution guide 1824.

Victoria came to integrity presidency with little factional struggle, and served out his full four-year term. However, the option of 1828 was quite marked, with considerable political conflict plug which Santa Anna became knotty.

Even before the election, adjacent to was unrest in Mexico, gather some conservatives affiliated with honourableness Scottish RiteFreemasons plotting rebellion.

High-mindedness so-called Montaño rebellion in Dec 1827 called for the crushing of secret societies, implicitly gathering liberal York Rite Freemasons, near the expulsion of U.S. deputy Joel Roberts Poinsett, a advertiser of federal republicanism. Although Santa Anna was believed to keep going a supporter of the Caledonian Rite conservatives, and Santa Anna was himself a member rot the Scottish Rite,^[29][30] in authority Montaño rebellion he eventually threw his support to the liberals.

In his home state farm animals Veracruz, the governor had horrified his support to the rebels, and in the aftermath have a high regard for the rebellion's failure, Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped into rendering governorship.^[31]

In the 1828 election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate for the control.

Another important liberal, Lorenzo show off Zavala, also supported Guerrero. On the other hand, conservative Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the indirect elections for rectitude presidency, with Guerrero coming grind second. Even before all justness votes had been counted, Santa Anna raised a rebellion meticulous called for the nullification embodiment the election results, as convulsion for a new law ejection Spanish nationals who he reputed to have been in combination with the conservatives.

The insurrection initially had few supporters, even though southern Mexican leader Juan Álvarez soon Santa Anna, while Zavala, under threat of arrest incite the conservative Senate, fled peel the mountains and organized circlet own rebellion. Zavala brought goodness fighting into Mexico City, peer his supporters seizing an resourcefulness, the Acordada.

President-elect Gómez Pedraza resigned and soon after went into exile, clearing the isolate for Guerrero to assume period of influence. Santa Anna gained prominence sales rep his role in Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was lauded owing to a defender of federalism alight democracy.^[32]

In 1829, Spain made put in order final attempt to retake Mexico, invading Tampico with a chapter of 2,600 troops.

Santa Anna marched against the Barradas Outing with a much smaller fight back and defeated the Spaniards, various of whom were suffering running away yellow fever. The defeat be more or less the Spanish Army not sole firmly established Santa Anna monkey a national hero but very consolidated the independence of birth new Mexican republic. From that point forward, Santa Anna christened himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of honesty Patria".

His main act snatch self-promotion was to call in the flesh the "Napoleon of the West".

Three months later, in Dec 1829, Vice-president Anastasio Bustamante, uncut conservative, mounted a successful coup d'etat against President Guerrero, who left Mexico City to contain a counter-rebellion in the southerly. Guerrero was captured and finished after a summary trial solution 1831, which shocked the nation.^[33] In 1832, Santa Anna fake the customs revenues from Port and declared himself in uprising against Bustamante.

The bloody disorder ended with Santa Anna forcing the resignation of Bustamante's chestonchest, and an agreement was brokered for new elections in 1833.^[34]

See also: Plan of Cuernavaca

Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April 1833, but while unquestionable desired the title, he was not interested in governing.

According to Mexican historian Enrique Krauze, "It annoyed him and distant him, and perhaps frightened him."^[35] A biographer of Santa Anna describes his role during that period as the "absentee president".^[36] Vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías took over the responsibility of greatest the nation while Santa Anna retired to Manga de Clavo, his hacienda in Veracruz.

Gómez Farías was a moderate, on the other hand he had a radical open congress with which to relevance, perhaps a reason that Santa Anna left executive power collision him.^[37]

Mexico was faced with apartment building empty treasury and an 11 million peso debt incurred by dignity Bustamante government.

Gómez Farías could not cut back on decency bloated expenditures on the blue and sought other revenues. Engaging a chapter out of class late Bourbon Reforms, he targeted the Roman Catholic Church. Anticlericalism was a tenet of Mexican liberalism, and the church difficult supported Bustamante's government, so targeting that institution was a dedicated move.

Tithing (a 10% overstretch on agricultural production) was be disposed of as a legal obligation, vital church property and finances were seized. The church's role squash up education was reduced and picture Royal and Pontifical University nucleus Mexico closed. All this caused concern among Mexican conservatives.^[38]

Gómez Farías sought to extend these reforms to the frontier province not later than Alta California, promoting legislation come near secularize the Franciscan missions upon.

In 1833 he organized justness Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission civilian settlement, as well considerably defend the province against alleged Russian colonial ambitions from nobility trading post at Fort Ross.^[39] However, for liberal intellectual discipline Catholic priest José María Luis Mora, selling church property was the key to "transforming Mexico into a liberal, progressive check account of small landowners." Sale senior nonessential church property would produce in much-needed revenue to character treasury.

The army was additionally targeted for reform, since tingle was the largest single spending in the national budget. Drama Santa Anna's suggestion, the back issue of battalions was to remedy reduced as well as glory number of generals and brigadiers.^[40]

The government soon issued a enactment, the Ley del Caso, which called for the arrest distinctive 51 politicians, including Bustamante, joyfulness holding "unpatriotic" beliefs and their expulsion from the country.

Gómez Farías claimed that Santa Anna was the driving force carry the law, which evidence seems to support.^[41] With increasing resilience from the church as convulsion as the army, the Path of Cuernavaca was issued, potential orchestrated by former general become calm governor of the Federal Part, José María Tornel.

The way called for repeal of say publicly Ley del Caso; discouraged magnanimity of the influence of Brother lodges, where politics was chased in secrecy; declared void say publicly laws passed by Congress direct the local legislatures in befriend of the reforms; requested goodness protection of Santa Anna lambast fulfill the plan and accept him as the only authority; removed from office deputies prosperous officials who carried out performing of the reform laws essential decrees; and provided military energy to support Gómez Farías shoulder implementing the plan.^[42]

As opinion decomposed against the reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded to return prevent the presidency and Gómez Farías resigned.

This set the position for conservatives to reshape Mexico's government from a federalist land to a unitary central republic.^[43]

Central Republic, 1835

Main article: Centralist State of Mexico

Further information: Siete Leyes and Rebellion in Zacatecas

For conservatives, the liberal reform of Gómez Farías was radical and endangered the power of the elites.

Santa Anna's actions in even supposing this first reform (followed encourage a more sweeping one pretend 1855) might have been practised test case for liberalism. Tiny this point, Santa Anna was a liberal; by giving blue blood the gentry moderate Gómez Farías responsibility inflame the reforms, he could put on plausible deniability and closely hegemony the reaction to a full attack on the special privileges of the army and say publicly church, as well as apprehension of church wealth, enacted uncongenial Congress.

In May 1834, Santa Anna ordered the disarmament dressing-down the civic militia and urged Congress to abolish the disputable Ley del Caso. On 12 June he dissolved Congress cranium announced his decision to become involved in the Plan of Cuernavaca, formation a new Catholic, centralist paramount conservative government. Santa Anna brokered a deal where, in put a bet on for preserving the privileges nigh on the church and the gray, the church promised a journal donation to the government albatross 30,000–40,000 pesos.^[46] "The santanistas [supporters of Santa Anna] succeeded plentiful achieving what the radicals difficult to understand failed to do: forcing representation Church to assist the republic's daily fiscal needs with untruthfulness funds and properties."^[47]

On 4 Jan 1835, Santa Anna returned vertical his hacienda, placing Miguel Barragán as acting president.

He before you know it replaced the 1824 constitution get used to the new document known style the "Siete Leyes" ("The Figure Laws"). Santa Anna did party involve himself with the reactionary effort to replace the politico constitution with a unitary vital government, seemingly uneasy with their political path. "Although he has been blamed for the upset to centralism, he was mass actually present during any noise the deliberations that led censure the abolition of the politician charter or the elaboration depose the 1836 Constitution."^[48][49]

Several states brazenly rebelled against the changes, as well as Alta California, Nuevo México, Tabasco, Sonora, Coahuila y Tejas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas.

Several signal these states formed their go kaput governments: the Republic of significance Rio Grande, the Republic get the message Yucatán, and the Republic deduction Texas. Their fierce resistance was possibly fueled by Santa Anna's reprisals committed against his shamefaced enemies.^[50] The New York Post editorialized that "had Santa Anna treated the vanquished with relief and generosity, it would maintain been difficult if not unsuitable to awaken that general understanding for the people of Texas which now impels so indefinite adventurous and ardent spirits give explanation throng to the aid show evidence of their brethren."^[51]

The Zacatecas militia, blue blood the gentry largest and best supplied additional the Mexican states, led stomachturning Francisco García Salinas, was on top form armed with .753 caliber Island 'Brown Bess' muskets and Baker .61 rifles.

But, after figure hours of combat on 12 May 1835, Santa Anna's "Army of Operations" defeated the Zacatecan militia and took almost 3,000 prisoners. He allowed his blue to loot Zacatecas City quota forty-eight hours. After conquering Zacatecas, he planned to move control to Coahuila y Tejas interested quell the rebellion there, which was being supported by settlers from the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Texas Revolution 1835–1836

Further information: Texas Revolution

In 1835, Santa Anna repealed distinction Mexican constitution, which ultimately restricted to the beginning of birth Texas Revolution.

His reasoning imply the repeal was that Earth settlers in Texas were plead for paying taxes or tariffs, claiming they were not recipients signal your intention any services provided by influence Mexican government; as a act out, new settlers were not permissible there. The new policy was a response to the U.S. attempts to purchase Texas let alone Mexico.^[52] Like other states fretful with the central government, rectitude Texas Department of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in late 1835 countryside declared itself independent on 2 March 1836.

The northeastern go fast of the state had archaic settled by numerous American immigrants. Moses Austin, the father strip off Stephen F. Austin, had government party accepted by Spanish regime in exchange for defense admit foreign threats. However, Mexico difficult declared independence from Spain hitherto the elder Austin died.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna marched north to bring on Texas back under Mexican direct by a brutal show show force.

His expedition posed challenges of manpower, logistics, supply bracket strategy far beyond what fair enough was prepared for, and introduce ended in disaster. To cache, organize and equip his herd, Santa Anna relied, as lighten up often did, on forcing well-to-do men to "loan" him bear out. He recruited hastily, sweeping come to blows many derelicts and ex-convicts, little well as Indians who could not understand Spanish commands.^{[citation needed]}

Having expected tropical weather, Santa Anna's army suffered from cold, practised lack of proper clothing take precedence food shortages.

Stretching a give line far longer than by any chance before, there were not skimpy horses, mules, cattle and wagons available, resulting in units not ever having enough food, fuel, fend for feed. The medical facilities were minimal and poorly supplied. One`s own image sank as soldiers realized at hand were not enough chaplains deceive properly bury their bodies.

Contrary Indians picked off stragglers increase in intensity foragers. Waterborne sicknesses spread with dispatch when the men were laboured to drink any water they could find on the route. The officers proved to elect mostly incompetent, yet the eminently insulated and rigid hierarchy most recent the army meant that Santa Anna was kept ignorant beat somebody to it these problems.^[53]

Santa Anna's forces deal with 189 Texan defenders at rank Battle of the Alamo get ready 6 March 1836, and finished more than 342 Texan prisoners at the Goliad Massacre satisfy 27 March 1836.

However, rule forces suffered unexpectedly heavy casualties. In an 1874 letter, Santa Anna asserted that killing primacy defenders of Alamo was ruler only option, stressing that American commander William B. Travis was to blame for the order of violence during the engagement. Santa Anna believed that Travis was disrespectful towards him, vital that if he had off the hook the Texans, it would possess allowed Sam Houston to fix a dominant position that could threaten him later.^[54]

The Mexican fulfilment at the Alamo bought always for Houston and his Texas forces.

During the siege, description Texian Navy had more time and again to plunder ports along character Gulf of Mexico, and nobleness Texian Army gained more believe and weaponry. Despite Houston's paucity of ability to maintain binding control of the Army, they completely routed Santa Anna's more larger army at the Conflict of San Jacinto on 21 April 1836.

The day subsequently the battle, a small American force led by James Austin Sylvester captured Santa Anna to all intents and purposes a marsh; the general confidential hastily dressed himself in copperplate dead Mexican dragoon's uniform nevertheless was quickly recognized.^{[citation needed]}

After threesome weeks in captivity,^[55]Texas PresidentDavid Fluffy.

Burnet and Santa Anna monogrammed the Treaties of Velasco stating that "in his official badge as chief of the Mexican nation, he acknowledged the congested, entire, and perfect Independence past its best the Republic of Texas." Hamper exchange, Burnet and the Texas government guaranteed Santa Anna's refuge and transport to Veracruz.

Wait, in Mexico City, a additional government declared that Santa Anna was no longer president topmost that the Treaties were invalid and void. While Santa Anna was held captive in Texas, Poinsett offered a harsh esteem of his situation: "Say misinform General Santa Anna that as I remember how ardent resourcefulness advocate he was of eviction ten years ago, I fake no sympathy for him at once, that he has gotten what he deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say to Mr.

Poinsett become absent-minded it is very true put off I threw up my through for liberty with great dearest, and perfect sincerity, but notice soon found the folly allowance it. A hundred years strip come my people will shout be fit for liberty. They do not know what adept is, unenlightened as they ring, and under the influence method Catholic clergy, a despotism in your right mind a proper government for them, but there is no realistic why it should not make ends meet a wise and virtuous one."^[56]

Redemption, dictatorship, and exile

After some fluster in exile, and after climax U.S.

PresidentAndrew Jackson in 1837, Santa Anna was allowed squeeze return to Mexico. He was transported aboard the USS Pioneer to retire to his hacienda in Veracruz. There he wrote a manifesto in which subside reflected on his experiences other decision-making in Texas.^[57][58]

In 1838, Santa Anna found a chance occupy redemption from the loss identical Texas.

After Mexico rejected contention for financial compensation for victims suffered by its citizens, Author sent forces that landed cut Veracruz in the Pastry Enmity. The Mexican government gave Santa Anna control of the gray and ordered him to vindicate the nation by any plan necessary. Santa Anna engaged glory French at Veracruz but was forced to retreat after pure failed assault, sustaining injuries take away his left leg and handwriting by cannon fire.

His splintered ankle required amputation of ostentatious of his leg, which take steps ordered buried with full martial honors.^[59] Despite Mexico's final yielding to French demands, Santa Anna used his war service contemporary visible sacrifice to the fraction to re-enter Mexican politics.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after, with Bustamante's presidency downward into chaos, supporters asked Santa Anna to take control catch the fancy of the provisional government.

Santa Anna was made president for rendering fifth time, taking over clean up nation with an empty funds. The war with France challenging weakened the country, and description people were discontented. Also, unmixed rebel army led by Generals José de Urrea and José Antonio Mexía, was marching concerning Mexico City in opposition take a breather Santa Anna.

Commanding the swarm, Santa Anna crushed the revolt in Puebla.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna ruled in a more dictatorial feature than during his first control. His government banned anti-Santanista newspapers and jailed dissidents to end opposition. In 1842, he obliged a military expedition into Texas. The action inflicted numerous casualties with no political gain, on the contrary Texans began to be decided of the potential benefits persuade somebody to buy annexation by the more strapping U.S.^{[citation needed]}

Following the 1842 elections, at which a new Meeting was elected which opposed culminate rule,^[60] Santa Anna attempted regarding restore the treasury by upbringing taxes.

Several Mexican states choked dealing with the central direction in response, and Yucatán stream Laredo declared themselves independent republics. With resentment growing, Santa Anna stepped down and fled Mexico City in December 1844. Blue blood the gentry buried leg he left hold on in the capital was dug up by a mob mushroom dragged through the streets waiting for nothing was left of tight-fisted.

Fearing for his life, Santa Anna tried to elude pictures, but in January 1845 perform was apprehended by a bunch of Native Americans near Xico. They turned him over dirty authorities, and he was immured. Santa Anna's life was in the end spared, but he was dispossessed to Cuba.^{[citation needed]}

Mexican–American War, 1846–1848

Main article: Mexican–American War

In 1846, next American victories at Palo Low and Resaca de la Palma in the Mexican-American War, Chairwoman Mariano Paredes was removed unearth office, with the new management seeking to reinstate the beginning of 1824, with Santa Anna again assuming the presidency.

Santa Anna, who had been move exile for only a epoch, returned to Mexico on 6 August 1846, two days afterwards Paredes' ouster. He wrote anent the new government stating inaccuracy had no aspirations to illustriousness presidency but would eagerly studio his military experience in representation new conflict with the U.S.

U.S.

President James K. President had hoped to acquire habitat in the north by buy or force, but the Mexican government was not willing change yield. In a gambit relate to change the dynamic, Polk twist and turn agents to secretly meet walk off with the exiled Santa Anna. They thought they had extracted grand promise from him that they would lift a blockade dead weight the Mexican coast to grant him to return and make certain he would broker a bond.

Once back in Mexico horizontal the head of an flock, however, Santa Anna reneged sieve the deal and took cause a rift arms against the U.S. invasion.^[63]

With no path now for well-organized quick resolution to the opposition in the north, Polk statutory an invasion to take Mexico City, redirecting the bulk close General Zachary Taylor's troops denigration General Winfield Scott's army.

Santa Anna mobilized troops and suasion and rapidly marched north. forces outnumbered Taylor's, but emperor troops were exhausted, ill-clothed, voracious and equipped with inferior weapons when the two armies clashed at the Battle of Buena Vista on 22–23 February 1847. Hard fighting over two date brought an inconclusive result, disagree with Santa Anna withdrawing from say publicly field of battle overnight impartial as complete victory was struggle hand, taking war trophies specified as cannons and battle flags as evidence of his success.

With Scott's army landing tackle Veracruz, Santa Anna's home social order, he rapidly moved southward get at engage with the invaders take protect the capital. For excellence Mexicans it would have antiquated better if Scott could take been prevented from leaving influence Gulf Coast, but they could not prevent Scott's march hurry Xalapa. Santa Anna set defenses at Cerro Gordo.

U.S. bolster outflanked him and against brawny odds defeated his army.

With that battle, the way was clear for Scott's forces compare with advance further onto Mexico Skill. Santa Anna's aim was ruse protect the capital at boast costs and waged defensive fighting, placing strong defenses on glory most direct road into description city at El Peñon, which Scott then avoided.

Battles elbow Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino describe Rey were lost. At Contreras, Mexican General Gabriel Valencia, above all old political and military contender of Santa Anna's, did gather together recognize his authority as matchless commander and disobeyed his give instructions as to where his crowd should be placed.

Valencia's Legions of the North was routed. The Battle for Mexico Facility and the Battle of Chapultepec, like the others, were intense fought losses, and American personnel took the capital. "Despite enthrone many faults as a operator and his overbearing political hunger, Santa Anna was committed relative to fighting to the bitter point. His actions would prolong nobleness war for at least adroit year, and more than proletarian other single person it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's dream of a short war."^[64]

Perhaps Santa Anna's most personal stake ignominious incident in the armed conflict was the capture during righteousness Battle of Cerro Gordo describe his prosthetic cork leg,^[65] which remains as a war endowment in the U.S.

held tough the Illinois State Military Museum but no longer on display.^[66] A second leg, a rod, was also captured by primacy 4th Illinois and was reportedly used by the soldiers because a baseball bat; it laboratory analysis displayed at the home substantiation Illinois Governor Richard J. Oglesby (who served in the regiment) in Decatur.^[67] Santa Anna difficult to understand a replacement leg made which is displayed at the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City.^[68]

The prosthetic leg later distressed a role in international affairs of state.

As relations between the U.S. and Mexico warmed during glory run-up to World War II, Illinois was rumored to print ready to return the prosthetic to Mexico and, in 1942, a bill was introduced impossible to differentiate the state legislature. The Make contacts of Limb Manufacturers wanted be introduced to be part of the repatriation ceremonies.

The state passed boss non-binding resolution to return description prosthetic, but the National Security guard denied the transfer.^[69] As forestall 2016 the leg still resided in the Illinois State Soldierly Museum in Springfield.^[70]

See also: Specially Mexican Republic and Plan push Ayutla

Following Mexico's defeat in 1848, Santa Anna went into separation in Kingston, Jamaica.

Two length of existence later, he moved to Turbaco in New Granada (now Colombia). In April 1853, he was invited to return to Mexico by conservatives who had non-effervescent a weak liberal government, initiated under the Plan de Hospicio, drawn up by the clerics in the cathedral chapter trap Guadalajara. Usually, revolts were fomented by military officers; this song was fomented by churchmen.^[71] Santa Anna was elected president in reverse 17 March 1853.

He easy his promises to the creed, revoking a decree denying brolly for the fulfillment of religious vows, a reform promulgated greenback years earlier by Gómez Farías.^[72] The Jesuits, who had antiquated expelled from Spanish realms gross the crown in 1767, were allowed to return to Mexico ostensibly to educate poorer indoctrination, and much of their fortune, which the crown had confiscated and sold, was restored come to them.^[72]

Although he gave himself prominent titles, Santa Anna's situation was quite vulnerable.

He declared yourself dictator-for-life with the title "Most Serene Highness". His full designation in this final period remaining power was "Hero [benemérito] dressing-down the nation, General of Dividing, Grand Master of the Popular and Distinguished Order of Guadalupe, Grand Cross of the Be in touch and Distinguished Spanish Order do paperwork Carlos III, and President be in the region of the Mexican Republic."^[73] The fact was that this administration was no more successful than culminate earlier ones, dependent on loans from moneylenders and support suffer the loss of conservative elites, the church, become more intense the army.

A major blunder was Santa Anna's sale very last territory to the U.S. put it to somebody what became known as decency Gadsden Purchase. La Mesilla, significance land in northwest Mexico give it some thought the U.S. wanted, was disproportionate easier terrain for the edifice of a transcontinental railway pledge the U.S. The purchase impecuniousness for the land was professedly to go to Mexico's vacant treasury.

Santa Anna was opposed to wait until the rearmost transaction went through and authority boundary line established, wanting get through to to the money immediately. Soil bargained with American bankers say nice things about get immediate cash, while they gained the right to character revenue when the sale at an end.

Santa Anna's short-sighted deal webby the Mexican government only $250,000 against credit of $650,000 institute to the bankers. James Town thought the amount was wouldbe much higher.^[74] A group be keen on liberals including Alvarez, Benito Juárez, and Ignacio Comonfort overthrew Santa Anna under the Plan line of attack Ayutla, which called for enthrone removal from office.

He went into exile yet again weigh down 1855.

By the Treaty dear Guadalupe Hidalgo the United States paid Mexico only $15 mint for the land, in which became known as the Mexican Cession.

Personal life

Santa Anna wedded twice, both times to affluent young women. At neither marriage ceremony did he appear, cleanly empowering his future father-in-law have knowledge of serve as a proxy catch his first wedding and spruce friend at his second.^[75] See to assessment of the two marriages is that they were solid marriages of convenience, bringing acute wealth to Santa Anna avoid that his lack of assemblage at the ceremonies "appears expect confirm that he was plainly interested in the financial significant o[f] the alliance."^[76]

In 1825, Santa Anna married Inés García, leadership daughter of wealthy Spanish parents in Veracruz, and the confederate had four children: María prop Guadalupe, María del Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López de Santa Anna y García.

By 1825, Santa Anna had distinguished yourselves as a military man, abutting the movement for independence. What because Iturbide lost support, Santa Anna had been in the front of leaders seeking to displace him. Although his family was of modest means, Santa Anna was of good creole lineage; the García family may convulsion have seen a match halfway their young daughter and character up-and-coming Santa Anna as useful.

Inés' dowry allowed Santa Anna to purchase the first understanding his haciendas, Manga de Clavo, in Veracruz.^[76][78]

The first Spanish legate to Mexico and his partner, Fanny Calderón de la Barca, visited with Inés at Manga de Clavo, where they were well-received with a breakfast fun. Calderón de la Barca experiential that "After breakfast, the Señora having dispatched an officer quota her cigar-case, which was yellowness with a diamond latch, offered me a cigar, which Berserk having declined, she lighted break down own, a little paper 'cigarette', and the gentlemen followed absorption good example."^[79]

Two months after greatness death of his wife Inés in 1844, the 50-year-old Santa Anna married 16-year-old María junior Los Dolores de Tosta.

Representation couple rarely lived together; dwell Tosta resided primarily in Mexico City, and Santa Anna's national and military activities took him around the country. They challenging no children, leading biographer Determination Fowler to speculate that either the marriage was primarily friendly or de Tosta was infertile.

Several women claimed to have borne Santa Anna natural children.

Regulate his will, he acknowledged playing field made provisions for four: Paula, María de la Merced, Petra, and José López de Santa Anna. Biographers have identified four more: Pedro López de Santa Anna, and Ángel and Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna.

Later years and death

From 1855 enrol 1874, Santa Anna lived thump exile in Cuba, the Banded together States, Colombia, and Saint Clockmaker.

He had left Mexico for of his unpopularity with righteousness Mexican people after his surprise victory in 1848. Santa Anna participated in gambling and businesses wrestle the hopes that he would become rich. During his multitudinous years in exile, he was a passionate fan of primacy sport of cockfighting; he confidential many roosters that he entered into competitions and would hold his roosters compete with cocks from all over the world.^[81]

In the 1850s, Santa Anna journey to New York City adjust a shipment of chicle, which he intended to sell stand for use in making carriage heap.

He attempted but was failed in convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers that this substance could tweak more useful in tires elude the materials they were fundamental using. Although he introduced manduction gum to the U.S., Santa Anna did not make prolific money from the product.^[81]Thomas President, the American assigned to sponsor Santa Anna while he was in the U.S., experimented meet chicle in an attempt problem use it as a extra for rubber.

He bought assault ton of the substance hold up Santa Anna, but his experiments proved unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped to found the chewing chew industry with a product ditch he called "chiclets".^[82]

In 1865, Santa Anna attempted to return kind Mexico and offer his work during the French invasion, search once again to play description role as the country's champion and savior, only to remedy refused by Juárez.

Later lose concentration year a schooner owned emergency Gilbert Thompson, son-in-law of Jurist Tompkins, brought Santa Anna tot up his home in Staten Island,^[83] where he tried to enrol money for an army acquaintance return and take over Mexico City.

In 1874, Santa Anna took advantage of a habitual amnesty issued by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada and exchanged to Mexico, by then incapacitated and almost blind from cataracts.

He died at his heartless in Mexico City on 21 June 1876 at age 82. Santa Anna was buried reach full military honors in uncut glass coffin in Panteón describe Tepeyac Cemetery.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Santa Anna was highly controversial at the central theme and ever since.

In illustriousness 2007 biography by Will Lexicographer, he was depicted as, "a liberal, a Republican, an armed force man, a hero, a extremist, a regional strongman, but not in a million years a politician. He presented themselves as a mediator who was both anti-party and anti-politics concentrated the decades when the virgin country of Mexico was wracked by factional infighting.

He was always more willing to core an army than to control his country".^[84]

But as a noncombatant leader, Gates Brown, a scorer at the U.S. Army Right lane and General Staff College, considers Santa Anna among history's bad for his mistakes in duo wars which cost Mexico disproportionate of its territory.

In description Texas Revolution, time was knowledge his side at the Slaughter since he knew the defenders were not getting reinforced charge would eventually have to concede. He could have used lose concentration wait, Brown writes, to produce a logistical base at San Antonio and better support potential operations further north. Instead, type opted to attack after civilized than two weeks, losing extra men than the defenders upfront, a large proportion of them experienced veterans.

"He had immolated a third of his force", Brown writes, "to take fine garrison that had to misery, with or without this assault." Outrage over the executions bring into play Texans there and at Goliad built far more popular argumentation for the rebellion than blue blood the gentry Texans had themselves managed. Santa Anna's defeat and capture rot San Jacinto was also abetted by his mistaken belief turn this way Houston would not attack filch a smaller force and garrison as tired as his own.

Later, in the Mexican-American War, Santa Anna's decision to march new recruited and inexperienced troops sash 385 kilometres (239 mi) of dust bowl in the wintertime without enquire into to resupply, in hopes infer ending the war with cool quick defeat of Zachary Taylor's forces, contributed to the well-known greater Mexican casualty count pleasing Buena Vista.

At Cerro Gordo he dismissed suggestions from Manuel Robles Pezuela, one of culminate officers, that he reinforce integrity Atalaya hill's defenses, believing class terrain made that unnecessary. Greatness U.S. attack up that businessman the next day, combined come together a flanking maneuver, cost Mexico its only chance to arrest General Winfield Scott's advance go ahead Mexico City before the purlieus of the city itself.

In well-liked culture

• He features in several Nineteenth century British sea shanties, over again as "santianna", "Santy Anno" bring down other variations, which have antediluvian recorded many times by Ordinal century folk musicians.
• He is false by Rubén Padilla (Mexican device, not to be confused plea bargain the homonymous American athlete) derive the John Wayne film The Alamo.
• Fox animated series King sunup the Hill season 2 occurrence 18 "The Final Shinsult" exceptionally revolves around Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.
• In the 1998 film The Mask of Zorro, Santa Anna is mentioned and is show by Joaquim de Almeida rafter an alternate ending.
• He is worked by Emilio Echevarría in nobleness 2004 film The Alamo.
• He assessment played by J.

  Carrol Naish in the 1955 film The Last Command.

• He is played unreceptive Olivier Martinez in the Account Channel's miniseries Texas Rising (2015)
• He is played by Raul Julia in a cast of Small screen and future stars such chimp Alec Baldwin in the cloud The Alamo: 13 days concerning glory (1987)

See also

References