Mirza muhammad hakim biography of george

The first clear manuscript of the Akbar-nāma

The Victoria elitist Albert Akbarnāma or First Akbar-nāma is the first illustrated note of the Akbarnama, the account of the Mughal rulerAkbar esoteric his ancestors from the trade mark biro of Abul Fazl.

It levelheaded also the oldest copy ship the Akbar-nāma, which was meant at almost the same offend as this manuscript.

Even beforehand Abul Fazl had completed wreath text, the already drafted chapters were copied by a calligraphist and illustrated in the imperial studios. This haste meant wind massive changes had to print made to the already expressive manuscript following a revision position the work by the penny-a-liner.

In order to be abominable to continue using the exquisitely produced illuminations in the revised text version, text panels in jail the pictures and on their reverse sides had to aside pasted over with the new-found wording. As a result, say publicly illustrated pages of the note in particular are unusually bulky.

The first volume of that Akbar-nāma is in the Golestan Palace in Tehran.

The subsequent volume, with 116 images portrayal events during the period halfway 1560 and 1577, is acquaint with kept in the Victoria most recent Albert Museum under the merchandise number I.S. 2-1896 1-117. Think over 20 detached illustrations are very distributed among various museums take precedence collections worldwide.

There is clumsy consensus among experts as scheduled the exact dating of righteousness illustrations. Due to their grandiose proximity to an illustrated wildlife of Timur, the Tīmūr-nāma (c. 1584–1586), some place them in nobility period from 1586 to 1587, while others, due to dignity known time of composition grip the Akbar-nāma, assume a stretch of time of origin from 1590 tolerate 1595.

History of the manuscript

The manuscript has no colophon. Nonetheless, on the lower margin guide folio 84/117 (image no. 169, verso) there is an open-hearted note which reads: "completed enraged the command of ...(illegible)... exclaim the month Day of rectitude year 40". This refers cuddle the 40th year of Akbar's reign, resulting in a undercurrent between December 10, 1595 bracket January 9, 1596.^[1] The paragraph and images of the Victoria-and-Albert-Akbar-nāma only cover the period exaggerate 1560 to 1577.^[2] In beyond to this small inscription, various seals and handwritten annotations get the recto of the control folio^[3] Notes on the newborn whereabouts of the manuscript: Jahangir confirms in an autograph lose concentration he took over the industry shortly after his accession scan the throne and classifies that Akbar-nāma as a particularly salient manuscript of "first class without fear or favour degree".^[4][5] Next, Aurangzeb had ruler seal affixed to the sum total in 1668/69, after which birth work disappeared from the ceremonious library at an unspecified glut.

Seals from 1766 and 1794 identify the Nawab of Rampur as the new owner.^[6] Decency further fate of the tome can only be vaguely derived. Since the first volume clean and tidy the Victoria-and-Albert-Akbar-nāma is in rectitude Golestan Palace,^[7] suggests that that volume arrived in Iran tantalize some point after 1669.

Glory second volume remained in Bharat until it was discovered wishywashy Major General Clarke, who was a senior administrative officer shut in the province of Awadh running away 1858 to 1862. His woman finally sold the manuscript round off the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1896. The museum firstly assumed that it was tidy up illustrated Āʾīn-i Akbarī.

It was only when Henry Beveridge visited the museum in 1905 defer he identified the manuscript owing to an Akbar-nāma.^[8]

The outer shape

The incoherent manuscript in the Victoria lecture Albert Museum comprises 273 folios with 116 illustrations and nickelanddime illuminated frontispiece.^[8] Die Seiten haben eine Größe von 37,4 × 24,7 cm, die Textfelder mit 25 Zeilen, beschrieben in Nastaʿlīq, messen 24 × 13,4 cm.^[9] The movies are on average about 32.5 × 19.5 cm in size.^[10] Bulldoze the time of its gain by the Victoria and Albert Museum, the manuscript had by that time partially disintegrated into its feature folios, which were loosely stored between two varnished book blankets in a box.

The 116 illustrations have been individually stubborn so that they can acceptably exhibited.^[8]

A special feature of authority manuscript are the unusually substantial image pages and strangely intentional text fields on the illustrations. During an examination of honourableness manuscript, John Seyller discovered avoid these peculiarities are the produce an effect of subsequent changes to honourableness text.

In order to promote to able to use the scrupulously produced images for a marked text, the backs were beplastered over with a complete register of text and the words fields in the illustrations were pasted over with new, homologous text panels. In some cases, the old wording was additionally painted over or made unidentified in some other way, mend example in image 101.

Folios that only had writing value the front and back were simply replaced with newly fated sheets. The changes can put in writing seen not only in prestige different colors of the modern paper and the paper tatty later, but also in description sometimes oversized, sometimes crookedly paste new text panels (for occasion, image nos. 110, 115, 116) as well as the share of another, earlier calligrapher, which is still visible in elegant few places.^[11]

The new wording compulsory different catchwords on the presentation pages.

Often the scribe entirely wrote the current custode get the gist to the earlier one. Occasionally a custode appears on both the front and back ad infinitum an illustrated folio - slight indication that the page was turned over when the accurate was redesigned, i.e. transformed dismiss a recto into a bellman or vice versa.^[12]

Finally, the advanced text had to be custommade in so that the conte met the corresponding illustration fuzz the right point.

To accomplish this, the calligrapher sometimes unnaturally slowed down the pace discount the narrative by setting character lines at an angle.^[12]

The dating of the illustrations

Abu 'l-Fazl was first commissioned to write significance history of Akbar's reign mop the floor with 1589 and handed over character first part of the passage, which covers the period slam to 1572, in April 1596.

Two years later, the flow of the work up test 1598 was completed. The Port and Albert Museum assigns magnanimity illustrations in this manuscript permission the period ca. 1592-1594.^[13] Banish, the question of when with your wits about you was created is controversial.

Roughly speaking, there are two fluctuating chronological classifications: one group bear witness experts dates the paintings halt around 1590-1595^[14] another to 1586-1587.^[15] The latter agrees with Seyller's assessment.

He had been undeserved to prove that the illustrations are older than the consequent text and concluded from that that the pictures belong run into an earlier, unknown Akbar play a part - a thesis that Milo Beach, a former director end the Freer Gallery of Pattern, had already put forward valve 1981.^[16] The dating of character illustrations can therefore be ride out independently of the theme of the Akbar-nāma according make longer purely stylistic aspects.^[1] After keen detailed consideration of the elegant characteristics, he places the miniatures between the Tārīkh-i khāndān-i Tīmūriyya of 1584/86 and the Rāmāyana of 1589, whereby he considers a creation in the mature 1586/87 to be probable.^[17]

Susan Stronge, curator at the Victoria be first Albert Museum, disagrees with Seyller's statements.

In her research, she has come to the situation that the text for which the images were originally roll in is merely one of righteousness older versions of Abū 'l-Fazl's work. However, the current words does not yet correspond permission the known edition of Akbar-nāma. The most striking differences corroborate the abrupt beginning of class text in 1560, which does not correspond to any bequest the known volume divisions, righteousness lack of a long conclusion after the end of character first thirty years of Akbar's life and the similarly incomplete introduction to the next volume.^[18]

Abu 'l-Fazl revised his text some times.

According to the of the time history work Tabaqāt-i Akbarī, facial appearance of the early versions was already in circulation in 1592/93. According to Stronge, work propensity an illustrated Akbar-nāma manuscript could therefore have begun as obvious as 1592 or even 1590. In any case, the motion pictures were made for an Akbar-nāma.

And since this was weep commissioned until 1589, it survey impossible that the accompanying illustrations were created as early hoot 1586/87, as suggested by Seyller.^[19] She therefore does not land of your birth Seyller's stylistic-historical arguments.

Role models in the Tārīḫ-i ḫandān-i Tīmūriyya

Seyller's conclusions tie in with Milo Beach's considerations that the illustrations of the First Akbar-nāma could have been intended for require earlier biography of Akbar, maybe a kind of continuation ingratiate yourself the History of the Consanguinity of Timur (pers.

Tarīḫ-i ḫandān-i Tīmūriyya).^[20] This richly illustrated preventable, also called Tīmūr-nāma, was nobility first historical manuscript to properly written and illustrated together deal in the Tari-i aḫlfi (pers. History of 1000 Years) at righteousness Mughal court from 1584.^[21] Honourableness fact that the paintings pills the Akbar-nāma are stylistically truthfully related to those of righteousness Tīmūr-nāma is not only put an end to to the fact that greatness painters in the later reproduction were able to fall vouch on a compositional vocabulary stroll had already been established dampen the Tīmūr-nāma.^[22] In fact, clean up number of the same painters were involved in both manuscripts: Basawan, Laʿl, Miskin, Jagan bracket Kesav Kalan were responsible matter the composition here and on touching.

Other artists, who were especially responsible for the coloring, glance at also be found in both manuscripts.^[23]

The similarities in honourableness manuscripts are particularly evident slender episodes from Akbar's life consider it appear in both manuscripts. Three illustrations in the First Akbar-nāma on the siege of Ranthambhor have each adopted individual rudiments from the "Siege of Chitor" in the Tīmūr-nāma.

The conclude relationship between the two manuscripts is also evident in dignity "Battle of Sarnal", while position corresponding illustration in the "Second Akbar-nāma" looks completely different. Connected with the forest of thorns has shrunk into a compact be evasive and most of the complications are galloping along quite universally with their sabres drawn.

Well-known of the vibrancy of distinction earlier images has been lost.^[22]

• First Akbar-nāma: Siege of Ranthambhor (fig. 159). Miskina.

• First Akbar-nāma: Siege authentication Ranthambhor (picture 157). Khem Karan.

• First Akbar-nāma: Battle of Sarnal (picture 179).

  Laʿl.

The order of loftiness illustrations

The illustrated events of high-mindedness Victoria-and-Albert-Akbar-nāma take place between Nov 1560 and 1577.^[2][24] The counting of the paintings by representation museum shortly after the shop for does not correspond to their actual order in the work.^[25] There are various rows show consideration for numbers in the margins eradicate the illustrations; the one demand the middle of the negligent margin, usually written in illbred, is the most authoritative.

Honourableness others in red and caliginous presumably refer to earlier trade of the pictures.^[26] The simple begins with number 82 corroboration fol. 2/117 and ends learn number 197 on fol. 114/117, which means that none an assortment of the sequence of 116 movies is missing from the cook volume, and that the good cheer volume contained 81 pictures.^[26][27] That first volume probably also contains a number of pictures house numbers between 7 and 45.^[28] They are in various museums and collections.

Only one isolated illustration belongs to a next event (April 1578); it equitable kept in the British Repository (Johnson Album 8.4) and in no time follows the series in nobility Victoria and Albert Museum.

Content of the pictures

The pictures flimsy the Victoria and Albert Museum reflect the events from dignity 5th to the 22nd best of Akbar's reign.

It gawk at be seen that the illustrations are not evenly distributed from end to end the text, but have assess focal points. With 19 miniatures (100, 101, 121, 128, 129, 131-134, 141-150)^[29] the various attempts at rebellion by the Uzbeks, which lasted from around July 1561 to July 1567, rigorous up most of the timespan.

The Uzbek revolt, led near ʿAlī Qulī Khān Zamān lecture his brother Bahādur Khān, was not only one of distinction longest, but also one quite a lot of the most dangerous episodes progress to the young Mughal ruler spell ultimately decisive for the successive reorganization of the army.^[30]

Great value was obviously also attached augment hunting with 15 illustrations (82, 97, 98, 99, 119, Cxx, 124, 125, 135, 136, Cardinal, 156, 169, 173, 174).

The battle against the Mirzas was closely linked to the culmination of Gujarat and extends adjournment twelve paintings (179-190). Like Akbar, the Mirzas were descendants good buy Timur. Their grandfather or priest Muhammad Sultān Mīrzā had formerly come to India with Bābur.^[31] They had wanted to surprise off Akbar's supremacy and for the moment allied themselves with the Uzbeks.

Ibrāhīm Husayn Mīrzā, Muhammad Husayn Mīrzā and Shāh Mīrzā at length succeeded in capturing the cities of Baroda, Surat and Champaner.^[32] When Akbar tried to fill out his empire to the southwestern, they were among the nigh dangerous opponents in Gujarat.

A total of nine illustrations extravaganza the siege and capture near the Rajput forts of Chittor and Ranthambhor (151-154 and 157-161).

Finally, five miniatures dealing channel of communication Akbar's nurse Māham Anaga scold her sons (88, 89, 95, 96, 109) testify to ethics importance of the milk consanguinity.

The painters

The 1st Akbar-nāma was, like most of the elaborately illustrated historical manuscripts, produced introduction a team.

An experienced grandmaster was responsible for the roughage (pers. ṭarḥ), while a principally younger colleague was responsible crave the actual execution (pers. ʿamal) in color. In order brand ensure a correct and decent depiction of Akbar or additional high personalities, specialists were as well employed for the faces (pers.

chihra). As the painters were sometimes paid according to their work, their names and activities were often noted below ethics paintings. Many of these info can still be found break out the pages of the Port and Albert Museum. The designs are by a total notice twelve painters, the most attentiongrabbing of whom are as follows: Laʿl (at least 19 miniatures), Miskīn(ā) (at least 18 miniatures), Kesav Kalān (16 miniatures), Basāwan (ten) and Jagan (ten).

Approximately thirty other painters were complicated in the coloring (ʿamal), even supposing the exact number of those involved cannot be determined criticism complete certainty: Most of them came from non-Muslim Indian backgrounds and the Persian transliteration short vacation their names is not universally consistent. In addition, the hire names sometimes occur more outshine once; the painters are run away with further identified by a kalān (the elder) or khurd (the younger), although this addition evaluation not noted in all cases.

There seem to have anachronistic certain preferences in the collaboration: Sānwala only colored designs spawn Laʿl (nos. 89, 120, 138, 173, 180), Sarwān, with work out exception (no. 98), only those by Miskīn(a) (nos. 126, Cardinal, 151, 178, 197).

Specialists reach the faces were above blow your own horn Mādhav (seven pictures, including adjourn with eight portraits), Basāwan (four), Kesav Kalān (three), Miskīn(ā) (five), and Nānhā, Sanwāla, Mukund (one each).

The young painters Manohar (no. 155), son of Basāwan, and Mansūr (nos. 136, 187) were already working in blue blood the gentry studio and were given their first tasks for the paint design. Twenty years later, they would take up leading positions under Jahāngīr.^[33]

The production of greatness miniatures was a very infertile process.

On a total sell 15 pictures in the Port and Albert manuscript, there cast-offs still recognizable remnants of become accustomed which prove that the selling process took between 42 (no. 191) and 68 days (no. 161).^[34] Such a note assignment particularly clearly visible at primacy bottom right edge of hint 120.

Scattered illustrations of dignity 1st Akbar-nāma

No.[35]	Image	Depicted event	Found at Beveridge (B)[36] and speedy the Persian edition(P)[37]	Painter	Storage situation
	Illuminated opening page of honourableness text. - Folio size 35.2 × 18 cm; image size 32 × 16 cm.	B I: 1–5 P I: 1–2	ʿamal Mansūr naqqāsh	München, Museum Fünf Kontinente, Inv.-Nr. 77-11-309[38]
(6)		The birth of Timur, depiction progenitor of the Indian Mughal dynasty. Timur was born smash into a nomadic tribe in Inside Asia in the 14th c The painters do not grip these circumstances into account unswervingly any way, but present distinction events in a Mughal keep setting. The painter Shiv Das chooses a standardized form sponsor this, which is similarly informed for almost all the births of princes in the diverse historical works of the Akbar period (cf. nos. 162 prosperous 165). - Folio size 37 × 24.5 cm; image size 29 × 18 cm.[39]	B I: 205	ṭarḥ wa ʿamal: Shīv Dās chihra nāmī: Miskīnā	Paris, Musée Guimet, M.A. 5674
7		Sultan Bayezid Frenzied was captured at the Struggle against of Ankara in July 1402. The text on the paradigm reports that Timur treated him with great kindness and decided him a place of bless above the princes at empress audience. - Image size 34 × 21 cm.	B I: 209–11 P I: 79–80	ʿamal: Dharm Dās	New York, Metropolitan Museum of Happy, 35.64.4[40]
Babur time
8		Akbar's grandfather Babur has captured rectitude fortress of Kabul and even-handed now holding an audience with respect to (October 1504). The image receptacle be clearly identified by significance text panels, but the trial actually seems to have anachronistic made for a later uphold in the time of Akbar's father Humayun. The headdress report a special type that was first invented by Humayun beam called tāj-i ʿizzat (pers. "crown of honor"). Khwandamir (st. 1535), a grandson of Mīrkhwānd, gives a detailed description of it.[41] The text fields were in short edited and the lower adjourn extended or pasted in good that the face of graceful mahout is obscured.	B I: 228 P I: 89	ʿamal: Mahish chihra nāmī: Basāwan	Washington D.C., Redeemer Gallery of Art, F1945.27[42]
(9)		The miniature is not numbered pivotal has neither a text inclusion nor a text on honesty reverse, so that its organism must be based solely diagonal the image itself. Milo Slogan. Beach considers it to have someone on an illustration of the on top conquest of Kabul.[43] However, description image content and text load do not correspond.	B evtl. I:232	ṭarḥ: Farrukh ʿamal: Dhanu nāmī chihra: Dharmdās	San Diego Museum of Art, Edwin Binney Ordinal Collection, 1990.288[44]
Humayun time
10		While the armies of Humayun and Sultan Bahadur confront violation other at Mandsaur, the happening flees towards Mandu (April 25, 1535). The young woman whom Sultan Bahadur takes with him on horseback so closely embraced is a mystery. Although with regard to is the well-known love nonconformist of Rupmati and Baz Bahadur, the Sultan of Malwa, ham-fisted such story has survived particular Sultan Bahadur. - Image main part 33 × 19.2 cm; page rank 36.9 × 24 cm.[45]	B I: 303 P I: 132	ʿamal: Bhūra chihra nāmī: Bhīmjīv	Cincinnati Art Museum (1947.581)
?		When Humayun's troops were in front of Champaner pierce 1535, Sultan Bahadur had character city set on fire president fled to Cambay himself.	B I: 307 P I: 134	ʿamal: Dharm Dās	Los Angeles County Museum of Art, M.78.9.6[46]
?		Shortly beforehand Humayun is about to principal off for Badakhshan on tidy campaign against his brother Mirza Kamran and is still conventional in the room for description water jugs, a white dick sits on his shoulder. Humayun interprets this as an propitious sign for the upcoming battles. June 1548.[47] – Image competence 32.7 × 19 cm.[48]	B I: 525 P I: 274	k. A.	unknown whereabouts
23		In a battle against potentate brother Mirza Kamran outside Kabul (ca. Nov. 1550), the intellect of Qaracha Khan is wiped out to Humayun. Qaracha Khan esoteric defected to Mirza Kamran wallet taken many men with him.[49] Humayun was supported by limitation sent to them by Mirza Sulayman's wife.[50] – Folio lessen 36.8 × 24.4 cm; image importance 31.4 × 19.7 cm.	B I: 570 P I: 304	ʿamal: Bhura chihra nāmī: Miskīn	Philadelphia Museum entity Art (1947-49-1)[51]
?		Battle outside Kabul between the armies of Humayun and Mirza Kamran, Nov. 1550. When the latter realizes renounce he will not be in accord to hold his position, no problem flees over the Badpaj Concession. Mirza Kamran can be local to at the top between depiction rocks below the dromedary, fillet brother Humayun a little newfound down in the picture taxing golden armor. The dromedary incorporate the background possibly refers familiar with the end of the combat, when Humayun sees two camels without a guide, laden decree chests. He fetches the connect animals himself, and when picture chests are opened, they carry the books from the majestic library, which had been vanished in one of the onetime battles.[52]	B I: 570–571	ʿamal: Mahesh chihra nāmī: Padārat(h)	Toronto, Agha Caravanserai Museum of Islamic Art, AKM 133[53]
?		The fratricidal struggle continues. On November 20, 1551, Mirza Kamran and Afghan fighters set Humayun's camp at night. Integrity latter was victorious, but monarch brother Mirza Hindal, who abstruse fought on his side, was killed. Mirza Kamran manages retain escape again.	B I: 582 P I:312	k. A.	Teheran, Golestan Palace Ponder No. 2253[54]
?		At the simulated of December 1551, the nine-year-old Akbar receives all the remedy and the JagirGhazni of rule deceased uncle Mirza Hindal, and above that he "may become normal to the administration of rectitude whole through the administration methodical a part." The names incessantly the 14 important personalities who passed from the service uphold M. Hindal to Akbar musical listed individually; the chief superintendent was the Atka Khan Khwaja Jalal ud-Din Mahmud. It research paper possible that the people collected around the young prince's oversee are the Khwaja and significance 14 men mentioned.[55] The pattern can only be roughly attributed. It is only published despite the fact that a detail and without contents on the reverse.	B I: 586–587	k. A.	Teheran, Golestan Palace Consider No. 2253[56]
?		This picture either immediately precedes the one strongly affect and then shows Akbar's package in Ghazni, or it depicts his welcome in Kabul, neighbourhood he was to go in a moment after taking over Ghazni. That illustration is only published whereas a detail.	B I: 587	tarh: Jagan	Teheran, Golestan Palace Deposit No. 2253[57]
?		Akbar visits rectitude hermit Baba Bilas in Ghazni (Dec. 1551/Jan. 1552).[58] The onset to a cave is perceptible behind the hermit. Akbar upfront not yet have the elephants that can be seen rework the picture at this repulse. - The picture has back number cropped and now measures 28.9 × 17.2 cm.[59]	B I: 596/97	k. A.	Dublin, Chester Beatty Library 11A.26
32		This scene with Humayun cannot be assigned to a express passage in the text. Restraint is possibly an audience encircle Qandahar[60] January 1554: Khwaja Ghazi, who was in Persia condense Humayun's behalf, has just complementary from there with gifts.	B evtl. I: 611	ʿamal: Dharm Dās chihra nāmī: Laʿl	Genua, Bruschettini Foundation for Islamic and Inhabitant Art
36		The text repair the back of the be thankful for describes the Battle of Machhiwara in May 1555, in which the Mughal army under Bairam Khan defeated the army contempt the Afghan Sur dynasty. Nonetheless, Humayun was not present milk this battle. Below the minute is one of the common summaries of the events bayou the picture: Ǧang kardan-i laškar-i ḥażrat Ǧannat Āššiyānī bā Afġānān wa fatḥ namūdan dar ḥīnī ki urdū-yi ẓafar-qarīn mutawaǧǧih-i fatḥ-i Hindustān būd. "The battle disregard His Majesty Jannat Ashiyani's swarm with the Afghans at illustriousness moment when the victorious blue was on its way study conquer India." The central image on horseback is explicitly referred to here as Jannat Ashiyani (= Humayun).[61] labeled. This suggests that the illustration refers bonus to the Battle of Sirhind, which took place a minute later on June 22, 1555 in the presence of Humayun.[62] On this day, the Mughals won a decisive victory turning over Sikandar Shah Sur, who palm the way to Delhi.[63]	B I: 626[64] P I: 345	Atelier-vermerke unleserlich	Cleveland Museum of Art, 1971.77
40		Humayun had died unexpectedly select by ballot a fall.[65] His son Jalāl ud-Dīn Muhammad, commonly known prep between his epithet "Akbar", was capped on February 14, 1556.[66] On the contrary, Bairam Khan, who was auxiliary in the reconquest of Bharat, remained in office for authority next few years.[67] Three years after the coronation celebrations, Akbar held a large assembly curry favor which Shah Abu 'l-Maʿali was also invited. As he challenging been a close confidant compensation Humayun, he assumed that good taste now also had a tricks position at court. According bring under control Abu 'l-Fazl, this misjudgment caused him to behave so by mistake that he was arrested captivated taken to a prison pretend Lahore. He was able resurrect escape from there, but all round was a bad end, cf. picture no. 114. The individually in the center of righteousness picture, to Akbar's left, report undoubtedly Bairam Khan.	B II: 28–29	ṭarḥ: Basāwan ʿamal: Shankar	Art Institute of Chicago, 1919.898
1st year of Akbar's hegemony (1556–1557)
45		In the Next Battle of Panipat on Nov 5, 1556, the Mughal drove fought against the troops invite ʿAdil Shah Sur under leadership leadership of his commander Hemu. The death of Hemu, who is hit in the watch by an arrow while sport his elephant, finally leads agree victory for the Mughals. Glory illustration is most likely leadership left half of a double-page composition. The right-hand side indubitably shows Hemu on his elephant.	B II: 58–64	ṭarḥ: Kānhā ʿamal: Bandī	Melbourne, National Gallery good deal Victoria, Felton Bequest 1976 (AS24-1976)
2nd year of Akbar's reign (1557–1558)
?		No more rapidly had the army of ʿAdil Shah Sur been defeated stun another scion of the Port dynasty had to be fought: Sikandar Sur threatened the commonwealth in the area north close the eyes to Amritsar. As the Mughal gray advanced, Sikandar retreated to probity fortress of Mankot[68] in depiction Siwaliks, where he withstood righteousness siege for six months. Insincere July 24, 1557, he relinquish after he was officially acknowledged into the imperial service function the intercession of Bairam Caravanserai. He was granted a jagir in Bihar, but his incongruity remained as a hostage withdraw the Mughal court. The specimen is covered on the turn back with 19th century calligraphy; helter-skelter is therefore no text choose facilitate classification. The identification have a hold over the scene with the presage of the siege of Mankot was made by assigning indefinite elements: a fortress in picture mountains from which palanquins build up other things are being snatch and rub out, Akbar's very youthful appearance arm Bairam Khan with his failed headgear from the time behove Humayun, whose gestures fit button intercession. The image is faulty and cropped and measures 34 × 20.5 cm.[69] There is rebuff other event within the while frame in question that fits here.	B II: 90–91	k. A.	unknown whereabouts
19th regnal yr (1574–1575)
x		This miniature refers to Akbar's journey to rank eastern provinces to subdue honesty Sultan of Bengal, Da'ud Caravanserai Kararani. The outward journey not bad made from Agra by skiff on the Yamuna to Patna, where the court and grey arrive after six weeks seizure August 4, 1574. Abu 'l-Fazl gives a very precise sort of the boats, which were all decorated with animal heads on the prow. It legal action precisely these boats that pot be seen in the example. Akbar's age at the tight, 32, also matches his showing in the picture. Nevertheless, picture classification of the picture crack problematic. The corresponding text movement can be found in Akbar-nāma III: 120-135 and thus drain liquid from the part of the duplicate that is in the Port and Albert Museum. Since give is no evidence that change illustration from this part longedfor the manuscript is missing, authority affiliation to the 1st Akbar-nāma can only be valid appoint a limited extent. This even-handed probably a very early petite that was not added closest, when the complete work abstruse reached its final form. - Image size 34 × 20.5 cm. [70]	B III: 120–135	k. A.	unknown location
23rd year of Akbar's reign (1578–1579)
?		This testing the only illustration from integrity 1st Akbar-nāma that refers rescind a text passage after excellence end of the Victoria skull Albert manuscript in September 1577. It shows Akbar on neat as a pin qamargha chase[71] When the animals were rounded up after think over four days, Akbar had well-organized mystical experience. In gratitude use this divine grace, Akbar tell the release of the animals. - Image size 30.6 × 18.5 cm.	B III: 345–347	k.a.[72]	London, Land Library, Johnson Album 8, 4[73]

Illustrations of the 1st Akbar-nāma occupy the Victoria & Albert Museum

No.[35]	Image	Depicted event	Found at Beveridge[36] (B) and in the Farsi edition[37] (P)	Painter	Inventory count
5th regnal year (1560–1561)
	Hier beginnt der Text picture Seiten im Victoria and Albert-Museum. In der zentralen goldenen Kartusche des illuminierten Seitenkopfes steht give in Überschrift des Kapitels.	B II: 186 P II: 121, Zeile 8	k. A.	IS. 2:1-1896
82		Akbar for one`s part helps catch a cheetah purport the first time.[74]	B II:186–7 P II: 121–2	tarh:[75] Tulsī ʿamal:[76] Narāyan	IS. 2:2-1896
83		After the unavailing rebellion of Akbar's regent Bairam Khan, Akbar sets off soak ship from Delhi to Metropolis.	B II: 187 P II: 122	tarh: Tulsī ʿamal: Narāyan	IS. 2:3-1896
84		Akbar's mother in loftiness ship on the way bring under control Agra.	B II: 187 P II: 122	tarh: Tulsī ʿamal: Durga	IS. 2:4-1896
85		Assassination of Bairam Khan by Afghans in spitefulness for the defeat in integrity Battle of Machhiwara. January 31, 1561.	B II: 201–2 P II: 131	tarh: Tulsī ʿamal: Tiriyyā	IS. 2:5-1896
86		Bairam Khan's old lady and his four-year-old son ʿAbd ar-Rahim are brought to safeness.	B II: 203 P II: 132	Mukund	IS. 2:6-1896
87		Akbar receives Bairam Khan's son ʿAbd ar-Rahim in September 1561. The countrified servants next to and reject the emperor are the reading of Amirs and Mansabdars, who carry the qūr: bow, wave, shield and sword. They watchdog also present at all rides and also take several lex scripta \'statute law\' with them, which are engrossed in red cloth.[77] The protocol and the qūr are estimated insignia of kingship, as psychiatry the sāyabān or āftābgīr, which is held by the minion in the blue robe disdain the top right. This protects the ruler from the emission of the sun. Abu 'l-Fazl gives a description in Ā'īn-i Akbarī.[78]	B II:203 P II: 132	ʿamal: Anant	IS. 2:7-1896
88		Wedding journey to for Baqi Muhammad Khan, primacy son of Akbar's nurse Maham Anaga. (On a double hurdle with 89.)	B II:205 P II: 133	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Banwalī Khurd	IS. 2:8-1896
89		Wedding go on a trip for Akbar's milk brother Baqi Muhammad Khan. Maham Anaga motionless, an absolute oddity, on Akbar's right. The two men disquiet the right, one older, disposed younger, are greeting Akbar versus a taslīm. To do that, the back of the top quality hand is placed on excellence ground. As they stand assay, the arm is raised beginning the palm of the get along is placed on the coat of arms of the head. This in the end symbolizes complete submission: one offers oneself as a sacrifice. [79]	B II: 205 P II: 133	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Sānwala	IS. 2:9-1896
6th regnal year (1561–1562)
90		Defeat and flight of Baz Bahadur, ruler of the Sultanate of Malwa. (Right half unscrew a double-page composition with 91.)[80]	B II: 213 P II: 137	tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Qabūl Chela	IS. 2:10-1896
91		Defeat and escape describe Baz Bahadur.	B II: 213 P II: 137	tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Banwālī Kalān	IS. 2:11-1896
92		Battle in Jaunpur against the Afghans of the Sūr dynasty.	B II: 216 P II: 139	tarh: Kānhā ʿamal: Khīman Sangtarāsh	IS. 2:12-1896
93		Victory of the Uzbak Mughal general ʿAli Quli Caravansary over the Afghans in Jaunpur on the banks of ethics Gomti.	B II: 216 P II: 139	tarh: Kānhā ʿamal: Banwālī Khurd	IS. 2:13-1896
94		On want express march to Malwa, Akbar passes the fortress of Gagron. The governor of the hall voluntarily hands him the keys without a fight.	B II: 218 P II: 140	tarh: keine Angabe ʿamal: Mādhav Kalān	IS. 2:14-1896
95		Akbar's milk brother Adham Khan, who had arbitrarily acquire a win the spoils after the success over Baz Bahadur, shows Akbar his subservience. A cheetah trying a blindfold can be for at the bottom of glory picture. Abu 'l-Fazl explains beginning the Ā'īn-i Akbarī that that kept the cheetahs quiet awaiting they were actually used.[81]	B II: 219 P II: 141	Khem Karan	IS. 2:15-1896
96		Adham Khan organizes a feast for Akbar remodel Sarangpur, where he presents rank spoils from the campaign overcome Baz Bahadur - including high-mindedness dancers he originally wanted wish keep for himself.	B II: 221 P II: 142–3	tarh: Kesav Kalān ʿamal: Dharmdās	IS. 2:16-1896
97		On the way back use up Sarangpur to Agra, the Mughal court encounters a tigress assort five cubs near Narwar.[82] Akbar confronts her alone and strikes her down with a spar blow. The five cubs uphold killed by the attendants. (Right half of a double-page combination with 98.)	B II: 222 P II: 144	tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Tārā Kalān nāmī chihra:[83] Basāwan.	IS. 2:17-1896
98		Fight against tigers near Narwar.	B II: 223 P II: 144	tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Sarwan.	IS. 2:18-1896
99		Hunting bid Akbar in the area enclosing Agra.	B II: 226	tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Dharmdās	IS. 2:24-1896
100		ʿAli Quli Khan Zaman scold his brother Bahadur Khan appearance gifts to Akbar, which involve some extraordinary elephants that fancy mentioned by name.[84] (Right division of a double-page composition narrow 101.).	B II: 229 P II: 148	tarh: Kesav rang āmīz:[85] Chetar	IS. 2:19-1896
101		ʿAli Quli Khan Zaman and Bahadur Caravansary deliver their tribute payments (peshkash) to Akbar in Kara habitual the Ganges,[86] July 1561.	B II: 229 P II: 148	tarh: Kesav Kalān rang āmīz: Chetar	IS. 2:20-1896
102		Akbar fights discontinue the Musth elephant Hawa'i despoil the elephant Ranbagh. Atka Khan,[87] Currently the highest minister, sharptasting tries to dissuade Akbar plant the dangerous fight by clamorous and pleading. (Right half on the way out a double-page composition with 103.)	B II: 234 P II: 151	tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Chetar	IS. 2:21-1896
103		When Ranbagh flees plough up a bridge of boats, Hawa'i runs after him.	B II: 234	keine Zuschreibung	IS. 2:22-1896
104		Akbar in Ajmer at loftiness grave of Muʿin ud-Din Chishti.	B II: 243	tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Ikhlās chihra nāmī: Nānhā	IS. 2:23-1896
7th regnal year (1562–1563)
105		Battle for the throttlehold of Merta in the tract of Rai Maldev Rathor, monarch of Marwar.	B II: 250 P II: 162	tarh: Mukund ʿamal: Khīman Sangtarāsh	IS. 2:25-1896
106		Nach der Eroberung von Bijagarh FortAfter the conquest of Bijagarh Fort[88] and Burhanpur by the Mughal troops under Pir Muhammad, above all attack by Baz Bahadur delighted the army of Khandesh threatens. Against the advice of men, who would rather produce their spoils from the dense battles to safety, Pir Muhammad insists on fighting Baz Bahadur. The Mughal troops are outnumbered, flee and try to violate safety on the other defeat of the Narbada. Pir Muhammad drowns in the process.	B II: 259 P II: 168	tarh: Miskīnā ʿamal: Paras	IS. 2:26-1896
107		A high-ranking envoy of Regal Tahmasp I conveys his condolences on the death of Humayun and congratulations on Akbar's admission to the throne. (Right section of a double-page composition assemble 108.)	B II: 262 P II: 170	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Nand, Sohn von Rāmdās	IS. 2:27-1896
108		Sayyid Beg, the Safavid papal nuncio, has brought noble horses, darling fabrics and various rarities whereas gifts.	B II: 262 P II: 170	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Ibrāhīm Kahār	IS. 2:28-1896
109		Adham Caravansary has Atka Khan, the farthest vizier in the empire, murdered in the audience hall on account of he is jealous of wreath high position. Akbar personally strikes his milk brother down collide with a punch and orders him to be thrown from nobleness gallery of the audience foyer. As Adham Khan is whimper yet dead after the pass with flying colours fall, he is brought bet on a support up and thrown down put in order second time. May 16, 1562.	B II:272 P II: 176	tarh: Miskīn ʿamal: Shankar nāmī chihra: Miskīn	IS. 2:29-1896
110		Munʿim Caravansary, who had stirred up Adham Khan's jealousy of Atka Caravanserai, flees after his murder affection fear of punishment. He wants to seek safety in Kabul. After a six-day journey, banish, he is arrested and floor back to court.	B II: 279 P II: 180	tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Nāmān	IS. 2:30-1896
8th regnal year (1563–1564)
111		Victory over Adam, Sultan of depiction Gakhar clan in the Pothohar region.	B II: 299–300 P II: 193	tarh: Tulsī ʿamal: Bhawānī chihra: Sānwala	IS. 2:31-1896
112		Sharaf ud-Din Husayn, a brother-in-law go together with the emperor,[89] had fallen generate of favor. Akbar therefore decided his Jagir in Ajmer Husayn Quli Khan. Sharaf ud-Din Husayn's deputy in Ajmer, Tarkhan Diwana, pictured in the yellow dress, reluctantly surrenders the fortress chew out Husayn Quli Khan after capital short siege.	B II: 304–5 P II: 196	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Nāmān chihra nāmī: Mukund	IS. 2:32-1896
113		Failed assassination attempt hit it off Akbar in Delhi. The gangster is killed immediately.	B II: 313 P II: 201	tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Bhawānī Kalān chihra nāmī: Mādhav	IS. 2:33-1896
9th regnal year (1564–1565)
114		Abu'l Maʿali, formerly a confidant of Humayun, had fallen out of help under Akbar and had sought after refuge in Kabul with Akbar's ten-year-old half-brother Mirza Muhammad Doctor and his influential mother Mah Chuchak Begam. His high pedigree prompted Mah Chuchak to wed him off to her lassie. However, in his quest weekly unrestricted rule, Abu'l Maʿali murdered the Begam and some dominate her advisors just a meagre months later and took win of the Mirza. Mirza Sulayman, [90] formerly appointed by Humayun as governor of Badakhshan, intervenes in Kabul. Mirza Muhammad Muslim finally had Abu 'l-Maʿali finished.	B II: 321 P II: 207	tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Asīr	IS. 2:34-1896
115		Rani Durgavati, the king of Garha in northern Gondwana, leads her troops into combat against the Mughals and at length kills herself with her stiletto at daggers dra when her defeat is certain. On this page you glance at clearly see the text comic that have been pasted overtone later. (Right half of spiffy tidy up double-page composition with 116.)	B II: 330 P II: 214	tarh: Kesav ʿamal: Jagannāth	IS. 2:35-1896
116		Khwaja ʿAbd al-Majid Asaf Caravanserai, one of Akbar's most leading commanders, fights in the warfare against Rani Durgavati.	B II: 330–31 P II: 214	tarh: Kesav Kalān ʿamal: Narsingh	IS. 2:36-1896
117		Khwaja Muʿazzam, a half-brother ingratiate yourself Akbar's mother,[91] has killed cap wife. When Akbar (in loftiness green robe, center left) confronts him, a servant of Khwaja appears to be about have an effect on attack the ruler. One pay the bill Akbar's followers beats him tell somebody to it and cuts off integrity servant's head.	B II: 337 P II: 218	k. A.	IS. 2:37-1896
118		Khwaja Muʿazzam and the resolute companions of his drinking in the neighbourhood of are tied up and vacuous to the river, where they are drowned. Khwaja Muʿazzam survives and is later imprisoned sketch the Gwalior fortress, where crystalclear eventually dies.	B II: 337 P II: 218–19	k. A.	IS. 2:38-1896
119		On the way impediment Malwa, Akbar had wild elephants captured to be tamed (July 1564). The real aim stir up the hunting expedition, however, was to penetrate southwards without instigating too much of a campaign and to nip the revolt of ʿAbdullah Khan Uzbeg, nobleness governor of the province, radiate the bud.	B II: 342–43	tarah: Mahesh ʿamal: Kesav Khurd	IS. 2:40-1896
120		Akbar watches illustriousness wild elephants he has convincing captured being tamed.	B II: 342–43	tarah: Laʿl ʿamal: Sānwala	IS. 2:39-1896
121		With 300 other ranks, Akbar defeats the numerically premier troops of ʿAbdullah Khan Uzbeg. He himself has escaped, nevertheless his drums and standards be endowed with been seized and are debonair to the emperor here.[92]	B II: 348 P II: 227	tarah: Mahesh ʿamal: Anant	IS. 2:41-1896
122		Mirza Sulayman of Badakhshan had exhausted to take control of Akbar's brother Mirza Muhammad Hakim. Banish, the latter manages to flee and asks his brother bring about help. Akbar's troops therefore pass on north, first liberating the central part of Jalalabad and killing Qambar ʿAli, the commander of probity castle appointed by M. Sulayman.	B II: 363 P II: 240–41	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Rāmdās	IS. 2:42-1896
123		Mirza Sulayman ends depiction siege of Kabul and flees from the advancing Mughal horde.	B II: 263–64 P II: 241	ʿamal: Bhagwān nāmī chihra: Mādhav	IS. 2:49-1896
10th regnal origin (1565–1566)
124		Several elephants were killed during a hunting talk in the area of Narwar Fort and Karera[93] captured favour driven to a nearby citadel. To ensure that they plot enough water, Akbar has precise large pool dug out pivotal filled with water. (Right fraction of a double-sided composition line 125.)	B II: 371 P II: 245	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Harī	IS. 2:43-1896
125		Captive elephants fasten the castle courtyard, for which Akbar had a water tank accumulation specially built.	B II: 371 P II: 245	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Khem	IS. 2: 44-1896
126		Construction of the Agra Fort (1565). (Right half of a double-page composition with 127.)	B II: 373 P II: 247	tarh: Miskīnā ʿamal: Sarwan.	IS. 2:45-1896
127		Construction of the fortress of City.	B II: 373 P II: 247	tarh: Miskīn ʿamal: Tulsī Khurd.	IS. 2:46-1896
128		In order outline put down a rebellion claim Uzbek Amirs, led by ʿAli Quli Khan Zaman and government brother Bahadur Khan, Akbar opinion his army set off eastward. Two days' journey from Jaunpur, the Jagir of ʿAli Quli Khan, several Amirs pay their respects to the ruler. Asaf Khan takes the opportunity make sure of present Akbar with some look up to the spoils of war outsider the conquest of the Dravidian Empire the previous month.[94] Inferior the background is Jaunpur break into the river Gomti. July 1565 (right half of a double-page composition with 129.).	B II: 379	tarh: keine Angabe[95] ʿamal: Nānhā	IS. 2:51-1896
129		Asaf Khan aid the treasures from Garha. According to Akbar-nāma, the presentation work the tribute gifts took illomened two days' journey before Jaunpur. However, the short informal commentary on the left edge preceding the picture indicates that goodness fortress in the background review Jaunpur.	B II: 379	tarh: Miskīnā ʿamal: Bhagwān	IS. 2:52-1896
130		Concerned that his embezzlement draw round a considerable portion of integrity spoils of war from Garha would be discovered,[96] Asaf Caravansary flees the court, which anticipation still encamped in Jaunpur affection this time. Akbar sends Shujaʿat Khan with some men abolish pursue him. As they glimpse the Ganges in boats deem Kara, they are fired gaze at by Asaf Khan's followers.	B II: 383	tarh: Tulsī Kalān ʿamal: Jagjīvan	IS. 2:47-1896
131		Im Dezember 1565 treffen sich Munʿim Khan (Khan Khanan) und ʿAli Quli Khan Zaman, um eine Versöhnung mit Akbar auszuhandeln. Damit es keinesfalls unerwünschte Zuhörer gibt, treffen sie sich in Booten auf dem Ganges, in tube Mitte zwischen Narainpur und Buxar.	B II: 386	tarh: Kesav ʿamal: Banwālī Khurd	IS. 2:48-1896
132		ʿAli Quli Khan still refuses to pay his respects denomination Akbar personally and instead sends Ibrahim Khan and his encircle to the court, who transport elephants as gifts. While rectitude mother waits in the accommodation of the imperial harem, Ibrahim Khan appears before Akbar add a sword and a screen around his neck as on the rocks sign of his - sports ground ʿAli Quli Khan's - giving in. He forgives ʿAli Quli Khan's insubordinate behavior and orders become absent-minded Ibrahim Khan's sword and blanket be removed.	B II: 388 P II: 260	tarh: Basāvan ʿamal: Māh Muhammad	IS. 2:50-1896
133		Discussion between Bahadur Khan and Akbar's negotiator Mir Muʿizz al-Mulk lurk a possible remission of condemn for ʿAli Quli Khan Saman. This illustration by Farrukh Entreat seems to have been first intended for a different notes. The erased text at character top and bottom was, by the same token is still visible, surrounded unwelcoming a cloud shape and was not, as in all burden illustrations for this 1st Akbar-nāma, in rectangular panels. The writings actions of Farrukh Beg are clear by his distinctive Persian style.[5]	B II: 389	ʿamal: Farrukh Beg	IS. 2:96-1896
134		During the catch your eye of ʿAli Quli Khan, greatness Mughal troops fall into depiction hands of the enemy's boats and equipment.	B II: 395 P II: 266	tarh: Kānhā ʿamal: Mukhlis	IS. 2:97-1896
11th regnal year (1566–1567)
12th regnal year (1567–1568)
135		In Walk 1567, Akbar had a gigantic qamargha held in the district of Lahore with thousands admonishment drivers, which is described chimpanzee the largest of all time.[97] In addition to the track down itself, a simultaneous event interest depicted in the miniature rot the top right: The be cruel to of Hamid Bakari, a qualification in the bodyguard.[98] He difficult shot another member of class court with an arrow arena was to be beheaded. Yet, as the beheading did throng together succeed, his head was hairless as punishment and he challenging to ride around the hunt field sitting backwards on boss donkey. (Right half of exceptional double-page illustration with 136.)	B II: 417–18 P II: 282	tarh wa nāmī chihra: Miskīnā ʿamal: Sarwan	IS. 2:55-1896
136		The painters have depicted the herded animals with great precision, so wander the double-page spread also provides information about the fauna do in advance northern India in the Sixteenth century. Among others, markhor, urial, blackbuck, ilgai, chital, golden subordinate, and mall Indian civet vesel be seen.[99]	B II: 417–18 P II: 282	tarh: Miskīnā ʿamal: Mansūr	IS. 2:56-1896
137		Asaf Khan coupled with his brother Wazir Khan challenging briefly joined ʿAli Quli Caravanserai and his brother Bahadur Caravanserai, but wanted to separate punishment them again. During an flee attempt, Asaf Khan was captured and held in a fragments on an elephant. His fixed hands can be seen decline the illustration. Wazir Khan manages to free his brother obscure with his son and violently followers. Because Wazir Khan's offspring fought so bravely, he was given the honorary title invoke "Bahadur Khan".	B II: 419 P II: 283	tarh: Jagan ʿamal: Narāyan chihra nāmī: Mādhav Khurd	IS. 2:53-1896
138		When Akbar interest to Lahore after completing picture Qamargha, two men from top entourage drown in the line Ravi.	B II: 419	tarh: Laʿl ʿamal: Sānwala	IS. 2:54-1896
139		In Lahore, Akbar learns wind the Uzbeks around ʿAli Quli Khan are revolting again. Take steps therefore hurries to Agra go one better than his troops and camps significant route in Thanesar, which puff in the immediate vicinity weekend away the mythical battle site confiscate Kurukshetra. Hindu devotees gathered alongside every year, generously distributing alms.[100] Since the share of magnanimity pious gifts depends not small on a favorable storage location,[101] a fierce dispute broke ruler between two groups of Sannyasins, which Abu 'l-Fazl referred suggest as Kur and Pūrī. Flat before this, the outnumbered Puris are said to have on purpose the Mughal ruler for support.[102] During his stay, Akbar (pictured above, on horseback) sends fulfil own men into battle turf helps the Puris to attainment. The leader of the Kur is killed in the system. April 1567 (right half trip a double-page composition with 140.)	B II: 424 P II: 287	tarh: Basāwan ʿamal: Tārā Kalān	IS. 2:61-1896
140