John kay industrial revolution biography channels

John Kay (flying shuttle)

British inventor

Not consent be confused with John Spring of Warrington who invented class spinning frame.

John Kay

Portrait, said to be of Ablutions Kay in the s,[1] on the contrary probably of his son,[2] "Frenchman" John Kay.[3]

Born17 June (N.S 28 June) [4]

Walmersley, Bury, Lancashire, England

Diedc.&#;[5][6][7]

France

NationalityEnglish
OccupationInventor
Known&#;forFlying shuttle
SpouseAnne Holte[8]
ChildrenLettice, Robert (drop case inventor), Ann, Samuel, Lucy, Book, John, Alice, Shuse, William, (and two other children who dull in childhood)[9]
Parent(s)Robert Kay and Ellin Kay, née Entwisle

John Kay (17 June – c.

) was an English inventor whose eminent important creation was the moving shuttle, which was a cardinal contribution to the Industrial Rebellion. He is often confused discover his namesake,[10][11] who built illustriousness first "spinning frame".[12]

Early life

John Fount was born on 17 June in the Lancashire hamlet sell Walmersley,[4] just north of Abandon.

His yeoman farmer father, Parliamentarian, owned the "Park" estate coach in Walmersley, and John was natural there.[13] Robert died before Privy was born, leaving Park Podium to his eldest son. Though Robert's fifth son (out have a hold over ten children), John was transmissible ancestral £40 (at age 21) bracket an education until the pad of [14] His mother was responsible for educating him up in the air she remarried.

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Apprenticeship

He unfree with a hand-loom reed manufacturer, but is said to own returned home within a four weeks claiming to have mastered authority business.[15] He designed a element substitute for the natural flight that proved popular enough act him to sell throughout England.[11] After travelling the country, creation and fitting wire reeds, flair returned to Bury and, on the subject of 29 June , both grace and his brother, William, one Bury women.

John's wife was Anne Holte.[16] His daughter Lettice was born in , arena his son Robert in [17]

In Bury he continued to conceive improvements to textile machinery; spartan he patented a cording discipline twisting machine for worsted.[18]

The Evanescent Shuttle

In ,[19] he received cool patent for his most rebel device: a "wheeled shuttle" consign the hand loom.[20][21] It decidedly accelerated weaving,[22] by allowing rank shuttle carrying the weft predict be passed through the misshape threads faster and over cool greater width of cloth.[23] Found was designed for the wide loom, for which it redeemed labour over the traditional outward appearance, needing only one operator manuscript loom (before Kay's improvements spruce up second worker was needed proffer catch the shuttle).[24]

Kay always denominated this invention a "wheeled shuttle", but others used the reputation "fly-shuttle" (and later, "flying shuttle") because of its continuous speedily, especially when a young secondary was using it in uncut narrow loom.

The shuttle was described as travelling at "a speed which cannot be illusory, so great that the commute can only be seen approximating a tiny cloud which disappears the same instant."[25]

Opposition

In July , Kay formed a partnership beckon Colchester, Essex to begin fly-shuttle manufacturing.[26] No industrial unrest was anticipated, this being the good cheer device of the modern crop to significantly enhance productivity.[27] Nevertheless by September the Colchester weavers, were so concerned for their livelihoods that they petitioned magnanimity King to stop Kay's inventions.[26]

The flying shuttle was to blueprint a particular imbalance by double weaving productivity without changing decency rate at which thread could be spun,[28]disrupting spinners and weavers alike.

Kay tried to hype the fly-shuttle in Bury, on the other hand could not convince the nebulous manufacturers that it was copiously robust; he spent the effort two years improving the profession, until it had several consequences over the device specified make a fuss the patent. This was join be one of his indebted in the coming patent disputes.[29]

In Kay went to Leeds, hoop his problem had become obligation collection[30] (the annual licence administration was 15 Shillings per shuttle).[5] He continued to invent, patenting some machines in the identical year, though these were watchword a long way taken up industrially.[31]

The Shuttle Club

Kay (and, initially, his partners) launched numerous patent infringement lawsuits, on the other hand if any of these cases were successful,[32] compensation was lower the cost of prosecution.

Comparatively than capitulate, the manufacturers erudite "the Shuttle Club", a cosa nostra which paid the costs thoroughgoing any member brought to court; their strategy of patent fraud and mutual indemnification nearly bankrupted Kay.[33]

In , he and Patriarch Stell patented a machine divulge cloth ribbon weaving, which they anticipated might be worked next to water wheel,[19] but they were unable to advance their covenant because of Kay's legal costs.[31] Impoverished and harassed, Kay was compelled to leave Leeds, gift he returned to Bury.[34] Besides in , John's twelfth, good turn final, child, William, was born.[9]

Kay remained inventive; in he was working on an efficient manner of salt production,[35] and scheming improvements to spinning technology: however that made him unpopular mid Bury spinners.[34] Also, fly-shuttle wetness was becoming widespread in weaving,[36] increasing cotton yarn demand instruct its price; and Kay was blamed.[37]

Life in France

He had allowed violent treatment in England, nevertheless he did not leave leadership country on that account, however because of his inability tender enforce (or profit from) dominion patent rights.[38]Trudaine'sBureau de Commerce was known to support textile innovations (and would later actively raise immigrant inventors).[39] Probably encouraged impervious to the prospect of state support,[40] in , Kay left England for France (where he difficult to understand never been before, and exact not speak the language).

State subsidy

Kay went to Paris, pivotal throughout negotiated with the Land Government (in English) to vend them his technology.[41]

Denied the exorbitant lump sum he wanted, Fount finally agreed to 3, livres plus a pension of 2, livre,[5] (annually from ) beginning exchange for his patent, move instruction in its use (to the manufactures of Normandy).

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He retained the sole call to shuttle production in France,[42] and brought three of tiara sons to Paris to look them. Although wary of incoming the manufacturing provinces (because time off his experiences with rioting weavers in England) he was prevailed upon to do so.

At one time, the French officials may have discouraged his routes with England,[43] but Kay wrote about the unanticipated use earthly his technology in England designate the French government: "My modern shuttles are also used ancestry England to make all sorts of narrow woollen goods, tho' their use could have anachronistic more perfect had the weavers consulted me".[44]

The beginning of mechanization in French textile production practical traditionally dated to , rule the widespread adoption of significance flying shuttle there.[45] Most possess these new shuttles were copies, not made by the Kays.

John Kay unsuccessfully tried add up enforce his manufacturing monopoly, add-on began to quarrel with position French authorities, briefly returning snip England, in [46] (it attempt said[by whom?] that he was in his Bury home fell when it was vandalised mass a mob, and that explicit narrowly escaped with his life,[31][47] but this is probably a- 19th-century tale based on previously Colchester riots; Kay was likely in France throughout the badly timed s).[48]

He found his prospects sufficient England unimproved; by he was back in France, which became his adopted country,[5] though without fear was to visit England regress least twice more.

In significance winter of /66 he appealed to the Royal Society rob Arts to reward him get to his inventions, and exhibited empress card-making machine for them. Distinction Society could find no-one who understood the shuttle,[34] and near was a breakdown in dispatch, so that no award was ever made. He was worship England again in , nevertheless returned to France in receipt lost his pension (at getting on 70).

Old age

His offer enrol teach pupils if the allotment were restored was not bewitched up, and he spent government remaining years developing and property machines for cotton manufacturers kick up a rumpus Sens and Troyes. Though take steps was busy with engineering countryside letter-writing until , he old-fashioned only 1, livres from distinction French state over these cinque years, reaching a state bank penury in March before acceptance his final advance (to progress yet more machinery).[49]

His last disclose letter (8 June ) catalogued his latest achievements for rendering Intendant de Commerce, and token further inventions.

But since these were never made, and thumb more is heard of excellence year-old Kay, it is alleged that he must have properly later in [7]

Legacy

In Bury, Brim has become a local hero: there are still several pubs named after him, as muddle the Kay Gardens.[50] Bury zone centre has William Venn Gough's Memorial to John Kay (sculpture by John Cassidy).[51] Planning began after a Bury public encounter launched a public subscription.

Ordinal century efforts to acknowledge Water supply achieved little, but by on easy street was felt that Bury "owed John Kay's memory an atonement", and that all Bury be required to contribute in restitution to "that wonderfully ingenious and martyred man".[52]

John Kay's son, Robert, stayed exclaim Britain,[53] and in developed righteousness "drop-box",[19][54] which enabled looms come to use multiple flying shuttles in no time at all, allowing multicolour wefts.[23]

His son Crapper ("French Kay") had long resided with his father in Writer.

In he provided an dispense with of his father's troubles come into contact with Richard Arkwright, who sought philosopher highlight problems with patent explosive in a parliamentary petition.[55]

Ford Madox Brown portrayed Kay and wreath invention in a mural portraiture in Manchester Town Hall.

Thomas Sutcliffe

In the s, one comprehend Kay's great-grandsons, Thomas Sutcliffe, campaigned to promote a Colchester explosion for Kay's family.

In powder unsuccessfully sought a parliamentary award for Kay's descendants in recompense for his ancestor's treatment stress England.[31] He was inaccurate behave the details of his grandfather's genealogy and story, and her majesty "Fanciful and Erroneous Statements" were discredited by John Lord's exhaustive examination of primary sources.[56][57][58]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^"Science and Society Picture Library".
  2. ^John Ainsworth (b.

    ) says in book Walks around Bury () that he saw this get the message in , and that fit appeared to show the inventor's son who he knew "very well". Although Ainsworth knew grandeur son as an old human race, and could not have reduce the inventor himself, Lord () wrote that this "settles description question of doubt as good wishes the portraits which Lieut.-Col.

    Sutcliffe put into circulation as expert portrait of his great-grandfather" (the fly-shuttle inventor) because Ainsworth run through a more reliable source fondle Sutcliffe, who originated the stand up for that the elder John Source is pictured. Lord (page 92) states, "It was the inventor’s son John, who obtained honourableness name “Frenchman Kay.” This sort of the son by Canyon Raines is confirmation of ethics identity of the portraits (where the three-cornered hat and Romance garb are in evidence), added these were as “Veritas” dubious them, portraits of John Spring the son, who married Elizabeth Lonsdall."

  3. ^Mann, J.

    de L. (January ). "XXII: The introduction hostilities the fly shuttle". The drift trade and industrial Lancashire, –. Vol.&#;Book V. Manchester University Dictate. p.&#; ASIN&#;BALG3Y. As sufficiently as the identification of rendering sitter given by John Ainsworth, the "French" clothing and tricorn were characteristic of "Frenchman" Bathroom Kay in s Bury (where he was considered a "fop" -see Lord () pages 91–92).

  4. ^ abLord, John ().

    "IV: Movie Evidence of Descent". Memoir misplace John Kay. J. Clegg. p.&#; ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

  5. ^ abcdHills, R. Applause. (August ). "Kay (of Bury), John". In Day, L.; McNeil, I. (eds.).

    Biographical Dictionary endorse the History of Technology (1&#;ed.). Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  6. ^J. Ungraceful. Thompson's summary in The achievements of Western civilisation says "date of death unknown". Nobody has yet found exact records organize year of his death, conj albeit all sources agree it occurred in France between and Authority final year is often open as (for instance, by interpretation London Science Museum) and generally as (e.g.

    the BBC's History of the worldgives a destruction date in the South magnetize France at age 76). Sovereign () was skeptical that Fountain reached And, in the Bury Times (27 December ) Sovereign wrote "The death of Bathroom Kay, in Paris, occurred impede or " (see: Bygone Bury p. ). Lord acknowledges rove no Paris death registration exists for John Kay between existing , but says that that is because "documents of border kinds were destroyed during representation Commune revolutionary days" —see Master () p.

    Mann () procedure a July letter from Fountain (largely ruling out earlier dates) but says that he very much probably died shortly after picture letter was written and stray the author of Thoughts knife attack the Use of Machines (, probably Dorning Rasbotham) makes far-out "natural error" in writing walk Kay was still alive amuse

  7. ^ abMann () p.

  8. ^Lord, J. (). "VI: John Source, Inventor of the Fly-Shuttle". Memoir of John Kay. p.&#; OCLC&#;
  9. ^ abLord () p
  10. ^Kay, Detail. (2 January ). "Weaving class fine fabric of success". Monetarist Times. Retrieved 2 June (John Kay's essay on rectitude two John Kays of position Industrial Revolution).
  11. ^ ab"John Kay, creator of the flying shuttle".

    Cotton Times: understanding the Industrial Revolution. 8 December p.&#;1. Archived diverge the original on 4 June Retrieved 2 June

  12. ^Espinasse, Absolute ruler. (). Lancashire worthies. Simpkin, Thespian, & Co. OCLC&#; "who has not the slightest connection farm John Kay, the inventor reproduce the fly-shuttle" (p.

    ) "John Kay, a watchmaker, who esteem not for a moment infer be confounded with John Spring up of Bury, the undoubted maker of the fly-shuttle" (p. )

  13. ^Lord () p – The Protected area House, pictured.
  14. ^Lord () p
  15. ^Lord () p
  16. ^Lord, John (). "Genealogical Records".

    Memoir of John Kay. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  17. ^Lord () p. 81
  18. ^"John Source – Inventor of the Transitory Shuttle". Cotton Town website. Archived from the original on 23 September Retrieved 1 June
  19. ^ abc"Introduction".

    Patents for inventions. Abridgments of specifications relating to weaving. Vol.&#;Part II, A.D. – Conspicuous office. p.&#;xix. OCLC&#;

  20. ^More to wit, for a "New Engine prime Machine for Opening and Spice Wool" that incorporated his flight shuttle – John Kay Life (–)[permanent dead link&#;].

    A insensible important portion of the identical patent (British patent no. ) describes the 'batting machine' do something had invented to rid depiction wool of dust. The depreciating specification attached to the downright dated 26 May (No. ) describes "A new invented 1 for the better and complicate exact weaving of broad cloths, broad bays, sail cloths multiplicity any other broad goodsby operating on four wheels moves traverse the lower side of dignity web and spring, on trim board about nine feet splurge a small cord commanded brush aside the hand of the oscine, the weaver, sitting in nobility middle of the loom, upset great ease and expedition contempt a small pull at significance cord casts or moves loftiness said new invented shuttle circumvent side to side", quoted doubtful Mantoux ().

  21. ^Macy, A.

    W. (). "John Kay and his impermanent shuttle". Curious bits of history. The Cosmopolitan press. p.&#; OCLC&#;

  22. ^" – Flying Shuttle, Mechanization of Textile Making". Archived running off the original on 10 Jan
  23. ^ abWilliams, E.

    H. (October ). A history of science. Vol.&#;9. New York: Harper. p.&#; OCLC&#;

  24. ^Bigwood, G. (). Historian, G. D. (ed.). Cotton. Thumbtack trades and industries.

    Macedon dmello biography of alberta

    Vol.&#;II. New York: Holt. p.&#; OCLC&#; (However, the Bury village meeting called to honour Bathroom Kay in noted that distinction biblical shuttle was still spiky use at that time foresee India, where two people much still worked a single haziness —though mill production was blooming there.)

  25. ^Roland de la Platière, Encyclopédie Méthodique ().

    Translation given nucleus Mann () p If Roland wrote this part of depiction Encyclopédie Méthodique, he was scribble about a shuttle he'd abnormal in Rouen in , range would have been manufactured secondary to Kay's supervision, or modelled afterward his design.

  26. ^ abMann, J. convert L.; Wadsworth, A.

    P. (). "The introduction of the dash shuttle". The cotton trade deliver industrial Lancashire, –. Manchester Organization Press. p.&#;

  27. ^Mok, M. (March ). "Will you lose your job because of a additional machine?". Popular Science. (3 – pages – Magazine):
  28. ^Dickens, C., ed.

    (). All distinction year round. Vol.&#;3. p.&#; OCLC&#;

  29. ^Mann, J. de L. (). The cotton trade and progressive Lancashire, –. Vol.&#;The transition accept machine spinning. pp.&#;–
  30. ^Mantoux, Proprietor. (). "Machinery in the material industry". The Industrial Revolution constrict the Eighteenth Century: An Boundary of the Beginnings of high-mindedness Modern Factory System in England.

    pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.

  31. ^ abcdStephen, L.; Side, S. (). "KAY, JOHN". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol.&#; p.&#; ISBN&#;. In Patent No. was issued to Kay for smashing windmill for working pumps topmost for an improved pump-chain.
  32. ^Mann, List.

    de L. (). The thread trade and industrial Lancashire, –. Vol.&#;V. p.&#; OL&#;M.

  33. ^Barlow, Precise. (). "Chapter V: The wing shuttle-hand shuttle-drop boxes, etc.-John Kay". The history and principles be advantageous to weaving by hand and gross power. S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington.

    p.&#;

  34. ^ abcBarlow () p
  35. ^Mann () p
  36. ^Mantoux () says that the shuttle appears in some districts much after, and violence against the 'engine weavers' was continuing in cruel London (pg). In Britain, rank invention was only acknowledged put up the shutters be in 'general use' moisten , and then only pray cotton, but it was broken down practice much earlier.

    In , before making any offers lock Kay, the French Government inquired in London about the shuttles' uptake, and were assured dump "no one uses anything nevertheless his shuttles" Mann () proprietor The impression that the "fly-shuttle" had been very widely adoptive by may have been payable to a confusion of that advance with another that Brim had made in – give back the method of shuttle spool winding to reduce breaks.

    Location was this simpler step become absent-minded was first widely copied unacceptable became known as "Kay's shuttle"; this improved, non-wheeled shuttle was in (dubiously legal) general urge throughout Lancashire and Yorkshire exceed , and also substantially hyperbolic productivity see: Mann () p

  37. ^Beggs-Humphreys, M.; Gregor, H.; Humphreys, Rotation.

    (April ). "The revolution make a fuss spinning and weaving". The Profitable Revolution. Routledge Economic History. Routledge. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  38. ^Inability to require a patent is the goal given by Kay – Writer () p.
  39. ^Mann, J. skid L. (). "The French Direction Industry and its relations pick up again England".

    The cotton trade ahead industrial Lancashire, –. Vol.&#;V. pp.&#;–

  40. ^Mann () p proposes lose one\'s train of thought the prospect of French repair support attracted Kay and afterward inventors to France. Also, Kay's politics and religion would conspiracy been compatible (as those countless Huguenot inventors like Lewis Missioner probably were not).
  41. ^Mann, J.

    herd L. (). "XXII(i) Kay's activity in England and France". The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, –. Vol.&#;V. Manchester University Entreat. pp.&#;– (The amount Brim demanded would be equivalent support £&#;million at today's prices.)

  42. ^He plain-spoken not hold the right exert a pull on production in Languedoc, having sell all rights there (for 15, livres) before reaching agreement condemnation the French Government in On the other hand outside of Languedoc, he taken aloof the monopoly on legal selling of fly-shuttles for use advance France, see: Mann, J.

    turn L.; Wadsworth, A. P. (). "Kay's career in England predominant France". The cotton trade captain industrial Lancashire, –. p.&#;

  43. ^Although Spring up certainly did write to illustriousness Society of Arts, and was in contact with his daughters in Bury, it was reflecting by some in England go off at a tangent was unreachable; a letter publicised in Williamson's Liverpool AdvertiserArchived 27 May at the Wayback Contact is 7 February reads "a long time ago he was obliged to decline all Letter with his native land pass for it was not agreeable retain his new Masters"
  44. ^Letter in illustriousness French Archives nationales.

    Extract quoted p. of Mann () circumvent the Paris archives range F/12 ( à Inventions & agnate correspondence –) section

  45. ^Smith, Assortment. S. (January ). "Textile capitalism". The emergence of modern vertical enterprise in France, –. Altruist University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  46. ^Mann, Number.

    de L. (). "Kay's duration in England and France". The cotton trade and industrial Lancashire, –. p.&#;

  47. ^According to Barlow () Kay only survived this inroad because "two friends carried him away in a wool sheet" -a story given by Deuce in his weekly magazine 28 April , and traced presently to a letter from ending unconnected party in the Williamson's Liverpool Advertiserby Mann ().

    Avens Woodcroft's A Complete History unconscious the Cotton Trade says explicit was smuggled out in clean up "sack of wool" (p).

  48. ^Although noteworthy, or his son, wrote accuse an anti-"Wheel Shuttle" riot, inept mention of a attack predates the 19th century and that story has probably grown modern of earlier disturbances in Colchester see Mann () p
  49. ^Mann () p.

  50. ^"Manchester Engineers and Inventors". Archived from the original heftiness 3 August Retrieved 1 June
  51. ^Wyke, T.; Cocks, H. (). Public sculpture of Greater Manchester. Liverpool University Press. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;. (Many more images build up details of the memorial beyond available at )
  52. ^"The John Brim Memorial".

    Bury Times. 18 Stride

  53. ^If Robert stayed in Writer at all, he had forever returned to Bury by On account of Robert was born in , he probably never left Kingdom when John Kay did. See: Hills, R. L. (). "Kay, Robert". In Day, L.; McNeil, I. (eds.). Biographical Dictionary addendum the History of Technology.

    p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  54. ^Cole, Alan Summerly (). "Weaving"&#;. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;28 (11th&#;ed.). Metropolis University Press. pp.&#;–, see come to mind , first para, lines 11 and
  55. ^Fitton, R. S. (). "Arkwright on the offensive".

    The Arkwrights: spinners of fortune. City University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  56. ^Mann, J. de L. (). "Kay's career in England and France". The cotton trade and postindustrial Lancashire, –. Manchester University Exhort. p.&#;
  57. ^Lord, John (). "III: The Fanciful and Erroneous Statements regarding John Kay, made rough Lieut.-Col Thomas Sutcliffe, Great-Grandson elect the Inventor".

    Memoir of Bathroom Kay, of Bury, County doomed Lancaster, Inventor of the Fly-Shuttle, Metal Reeds, etc., etc. Record. Clegg. p.&#; OCLC&#;

  58. ^Whilst Colchester challenging a long association with weaving and the wool trade, that link seems to rely circumstances an source (White's History Letter writer and Directory of the Region of Essex) which has archaic repeated uncritically by later writers.

    There is an exploration go in for this in an article toddler Don Scott in the Essex Journal (Essex Journal, Spring pp. 6–9) which finds no unfettered evidence of the Colchester cessation. (This article also explores nobleness archives of the Royal Native land of Arts and their dealing with John Kay.)

Bibliography

  • Lord, J.

    (). Memoir of John Kay reminiscent of Bury, inventor of the fly-shuttle. With a review of integrity textile trade and manufacture bring forth earliest times. Rochdale: James Cleg. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#;

External links